Deck 7: The Blueprint of Life, From Dna to Protein

Question 1

Which is true about the RNA transcript?

A)It is formed using the DNA minus strand as a template.
B)It has the same 5'-3' orientation as the DNA positive strand.
C)It is made in short fragments that are then stitched together.
D)The template starts at the promoter region.
E)It is formed using the DNA minus strand as a template, it has the same 5'-3' orientation as the DNA positive strand AND the template starts at the promoter region.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

DNA is characterized by which of the following feature(s)?

A)Ribose.
B)Single-stranded.
C)Deoxyribose.
D)Thymine.
E)Deoxyribose AND thymine.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Rotating the following answers any way necessary, but NOT changing their sequence, which is/are complementary to the sequence 5' AGGCUAAC 3'?

A)5' TCCGATTG 3'
B)3' TCCGATTC 5'
C)5' CTTAGCCT 3'
D)3' TAAGCTTA 5'
E)3' TCCGATTC 5' AND 5' CTTAGCCT 3'

Answer 3

E

Question 4

RNA is characterized by which one of the following features?

A)Deoxyribose.
B)Thymine.
C)Ribose.
D)Double-stranded.

Question 5

Which of the following is/are true of DNA replication?

A)It starts at the origin of replication.
B)Nucleotides are added to the 3' end.
C)It requires an RNA primer to get started.
D)It utilizes polymerases.
E)All of the choices are true.

Question 6

How many nucleotides are in a codon?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)5

Question 7

Which is true about DNA replication?

A)It is semiconservative.
B)It starts at an origin of replication.
C)It is bi-directional.
D)It requires RNA primers.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 8

The specific sequence of nucleotides in the DNA to which the RNA polymerase binds is the

A)regulatory region.
B)promoter region.
C)sigma region.
D)core region.

Question 9

The two strands of DNA are bonded to one another by

A)covalent bonds.
B)oxygen bonds.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)carbon bonds.

Question 10

Which is not true of RNA?

A)It is usually single-stranded.
B)It functions in the cytoplasm.
C)It contains uracil.
D)It contains ribose.
E)There are 4 functional types.

Question 11

Which pairing is incorrect?

A)A:T
B)G:C
C)A:U
D)A:G

Question 12

The 3' end of DNA

A)refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose.
B)attaches to the 5' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide.
C)always has thymine attached to it.
D)usually has guanine attached to it.
E)refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group attached to the number 3 carbon of deoxyribose AND attaches to the 5' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide.

Question 13

DNA replication is

A)conservative.
B)interspersive.
C)semiconservative.
D)chain reference.

Question 14

Which is true about prokaryotic (bacterial) RNA polymerase?

A)It is used during transcription.
B)It does not require a primer.
C)It has a detachable subunit, sigma factor, which recognizes the promoter.
D)It reads the template in the 3'-5' direction.
E)All of the choices are true.

Question 15

The term antiparallel

A)refers to the structure of single-stranded RNA.
B)is synonymous with semiconservative.
C)refers to the opposite orientation of the two strands in DNA.
D)refers to a type of prokaryotic replication.

Question 16

The transcription terminator

A)results in a hairpin loop structure in RNA.
B)results in the polymerase falling off the DNA template.
C)stops DNA polymerase.
D)adds a terminator nucleotide to the RNA.
E)results in a hairpin loop structure in RNA AND results in the polymerase falling off the DNA template.

Question 17

GCCCAAAG is a molecule of

A)RNA.
B)DNA.
C)protein.
D)cannot tell as written.

Question 18

The phrase "one gene-one enzyme" is associated with the work of

A)Lederberg.
B)Watson and Crick.
C)Beadle and Tatum.
D)Mendel.

Question 19

The lagging strand

A)is the third type of RNA.
B)is found during RNA replication.
C)is necessary due to the properties of the enzymes and the antiparallel nature of DNA.
D)is always the bottom strand.

Question 20

What structure is indicated by: 10A, 15T, 3G, 7C?

A)double-stranded RNA
B)double-stranded DNA
C)single-stranded RNA
D)single-stranded DNA

Question 21

The P-site

A)is found on the polymerase enzyme.
B)is an allosteric site.
C)is a promoter site.
D)is the peptidyl site on the ribosome.
E)is an allosteric site AND is a promoter site.

Question 22

Ribozymes

A)are complexes of ribosomes and RNA.
B)are self-catalytic RNA.
C)suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins.
D)are enzymes that degrade RNA and therefore have potential for clinical applications.
E)are self-catalytic RNA AND suggest that nucleic acids evolved before proteins.

Question 23

The regulatory protein

A)binds to the promoter region of DNA.
B)may inhibit or enhance transcription.
C)may control translation of the operon.
D)affects the activity of the DNA polymerase.
E)binds to the promoter region of DNA AND affects the activity of the DNA polymerase.

Question 24

Some segments of the precursor mRNA in eukaryotes are non-coding and are called

A)exons.
B)introns.
C)integrans.
D)uselessans.

Question 25

Which molecule carries an anticodon?

A)DNA
B)mRNA
C)rRNA
D)tRNA

Question 26

Gene regulation may entail

A)turning on genes only when needed.
B)turning off genes when not needed.
C)turning on or off entire groups of genes.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 27

Which may be or is an RNA molecule?

A)AGCCTAC
B)GGGCCCA
C)GCCCUUA
D)AGCCTAC AND GGGCCCA
E)GGGCCCA AND GCCCUUA

Question 28

The scientists responsible for the idea that RNA can act as a catalyst were

A)Watson and Crick.
B)Beadle and Tatum.
C)Altman and Cech.
D)Lederberg and Stanley.

Question 29

The ribosomes

A)move along the tRNA in a 3'-5' direction.
B)move along the mRNA in a 5'-3' direction.
C)move along the DNA in a 5'-3' direction.
D)provide a platform which brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining.
E)move along the mRNA in a 5'-3' direction AND provide a platform which brings the amino acids into a favorable position for joining.

Question 30

What is the number of tRNA molecules that may be associated with translation?

A)more than 100
B)75
C)64
D)less than 64

Question 31

A stop codon

A)codes for the stop amino acid s-methyl-methionine.
B)forms a hairpin loop forcing the ribosome to fall off.
C)codes for no amino acid.
D)enhances the binding of the e-polymerase.
E)codes for the stop amino acid s-methyl-methionine AND forms a hairpin loop forcing the ribosome to fall off.

Question 32

The A-site

A)is found on the RNA polymerase enzyme.
B)is found on the 30S ribosome.
C)is found on the 70S ribosome.
D)is the amino acid site.
E)is found on the 70S ribosome AND is the amino acid site.

Question 33

The amino acid that is placed first during translation in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts is

A)glycine.
B)methionine.
C)N-formyl-methionine.
D)serine.

Question 34

Post-translational modification may include

A)formation of exons and introns.
B)folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones.
C)removal of the signal sequence.
D)addition of glycine tags.
E)folding of the protein, often with the aid of chaperones AND removal of the signal sequence.

Question 35

AUG

A)is only used as the start codon.
B)codes for methionine.
C)determines the reading frame.
D)is one of the stop codons.
E)codes for methionine AND determines the reading frame.

Question 36

Operon(s) in bacteria

A)refers to a group of genes that are coordinately controlled.
B)involve polycistronic mRNA.
C)involve monocistronic mRNA.
D)are also known as Wagnerons.
E)refers to a group of genes that are coordinately controlled AND involve polycistronic mRNA.

Question 37

There are _____ codons to code for the 20 possible amino acids.

A)20
B)30
C)64
D)61

Question 38

The placement of the amino acid during translation is determined by the

A)DNAse which transcribes both molecules.
B)complementarity of the codon-anticodon.
C)sequence of nucleotides at the 5' end of the tRNA.
D)secondary structure of the newly forming protein.

Question 39

The E-site

A)is found on the RNA polymerase enzyme.
B)is responsible for the release of the tRNA.
C)is found on the 35S polysome.
D)is the eminoacyl site.
E)is responsible for the release of the tRNA AND is the eminoacyl site.

Question 40

The genetic code has more than one codon for some amino acids. This is an example of

A)evolution.
B)stringency.
C)degeneracy.
D)translation.

Question 41

One end of a strand of DNA is different from the other end.

Question 42

Adenine binds to thymine via 3 hydrogen bonds.

Question 43

Quorum sensing

A)is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells.
B)involves the production and monitoring of the amount of homoserine lactone present.
C)is used by bacteria to limit the density of bacteria.
D)is used by eukaryotes to sense the presence of bacteria.
E)is used by bacteria to sense the density of cells AND involves the production and monitoring of the amount of homoserine lactone present.

Question 44

In DNA sequence analysis

A)the + strand of DNA is used.
B)the start codon is ATG.
C)ORFs are searched for.
D)codon usage is a helpful indicator for protein coding areas.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 45

Activators

A)are involved in negative control.
B)are involved in positive control.
C)always bind to the promoter.
D)are allosteric proteins.
E)are involved in positive control AND are allosteric proteins.

Question 46

Negative control means a regulator molecule is

A)bound and transcription starts.
B)removed and transcription is inhibited.
C)bound and transcription is inhibited.
D)removed and transcription starts.
E)bound and transcription is inhibited AND removed and transcription starts.

Question 47

The lac operon

A)is an example of negative control.
B)is affected by catabolite repression.
C)produces lactose.
D)is an example of a regulon.
E)is an example of negative control AND is affected by catabolite repression.

Question 48

The set of genes in bacteria that are linked together and transcribed as a single unit is referred to as a(n)

A)operon.
B)regulon.
C)operator.
D)repressor.

Question 49

DNA replication is usually unidirectional.

Question 50

There are 4 functional types of RNA.

Question 51

RNAi

A)is the form of mRNA that initiates translation.
B)uses short pieces of single stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts.
C)is a mechanism of genetic regulation found in eukaryotes.
D)is any chemical that inhibits transcription.
E)uses short pieces of single stranded RNA to direct the degradation of specific RNA transcripts AND is a mechanism of genetic regulation found in eukaryotes.

Question 52

The genetic code is universal.

Question 53

The DNA site to which the repressor protein binds is the

A)operon.
B)regulon.
C)operator.
D)repressor.

Question 54

Antisense RNA is the complement of the plus strand and may be useful in inhibiting translation.

Question 55

A codon consists of 2 nucleotides.

Question 56

The minus strand of DNA serves as the template for RNA production.

Question 57

The molecules that bind to a repressor and cause it to no longer bind to the operator are called

A)activators.
B)repressors.
C)introns.
D)inducers.

Question 58

Signal transduction

A)is the relay of information about conditions outside a cell to inside the cell.
B)often relies on a two component system.
C)may involve phosphorylation of various molecules.
D)is used by certain pathogens to sense low magnesium conditions.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 59

CAP

A)is involved in positive control.
B)stands for cyclic amp protein.
C)works in conjunction with cAMP.
D)is involved in negative control.
E)is involved in positive control AND works in conjunction with cAMP.

Question 60

Repressors

A)are involved in negative control.
B)are involved in positive control.
C)always bind to the promoter.
D)bind or do not bind to the operator depending on their shape (conformation).
E)are involved in negative control AND bind or do not bind to the operator depending on their shape (conformation).

Question 61

Bacteria use ______ attached TO the polymerase to direct RNA polymerase to promoters; eukaryotic cells use ______ that attach directly to the DNA first instead.

A)sigma factors; transcription factors
B)transcription factors; sigma factors
C)ribosomes; sigma factors
D)tRNA; rRNA

Question 62

Why is it a good idea for a bacterial cell to be able to utilize glucose FIRST as an energy source (until it's used up), THEN switch to lactose?

A)Glucose is an easier compound to break down and obtain energy from than lactose.
B)Lactose cannot be used by bacterial cells as an energy source.
C)It's about conservation of energy-why expend the energy to make the extra enzymes for breaking down lactose when glucose is right there and doesn't need the extra enzymes for breakdown.
D)Glucose provides 10x as much energy when broken down as lactose.
E)Glucose is an easier compound to break down and obtain energy from than lactose AND It's about conservation of energy-why expend the energy to make the extra enzymes for breaking down lactose when glucose is right there and doesn't need the extra enzymes for breakdown.

Question 63

Does the presence of introns/exons in eukaryotic cells provide more potential diversity in gene products (proteins) than is possible in prokaryotic cells?

A)It doesn't-this is a trick question.There's the same potential for gene products (proteins) in a bacterium with 1,000 genes as there is in a eukaryotic cell with 1,000 genes.
B)It does-each exon and each intron could be used individually and discretely to make a gene product (protein).Since bacteria lack these, they will have less ability to create different proteins.
C)It does-exons/introns can be spliced together in different ways post-transcription to yield different mRNAs (and therefore, different proteins).Bacteria lack this system, so the gene you transcribe is translated into the only protein you'll end up getting.
D)It does-exons/introns can be spliced together in different ways at the DNA level to eventually yield different mRNAs (and therefore, different proteins).Bacteria lack this system, so the gene you transcribe is translated into the only protein you'll end up getting.

Question 64

A drug that inhibits the activity of bacterial DNA gyrase ______ be a good antibiotic because _______.

A)would; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis
B)would NOT; it would inhibit all DNA synthesis, even our own cell's DNA synthesis
C)would; it would selectively inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis due to differences between bacterial/human gyrase
D)would NOT; the DNA replication machinery could still function, even with impaired DNA gyrase enzyme

Question 65

Ribozymes are non-protein molecules with catalytic activity.

Question 66

The anticodon determines which amino acid is linked to its tRNA.

Question 67

Cells are often ground up with abrasive to get to their internal enzymes/molecules, followed by removal of the abrasives. Here are two situations and two outcomes. What is the correct interpretation of the results? In situation #1, radioactive amino acids are mixed with ground-up cell material. Radioactive proteins are produced. In situation #2, radioactive amino acids AND the enzyme RNAse (an enzyme that degrades RNA) are mixed with ground-up cell material. No radioactive proteins are produced.

A)The mRNA from the cell can be used to make proteins with the radioactive amino acids in the first situation.In the second situation, the mRNA is destroyed by the RNAse before it can be translated into protein containing the radioactive amino acids.
B)The DNA from the cell can be translated into protein using the radioactive amino acids in the first situation.The RNAse in the second situation degrades the ribosomal RNA (rRNA), preventing ribosomes from forming and making proteins with the radioactive amino acids.
C)The radioactivity in the amino acids corrupts the tRNA molecules, leading to no protein production in the second scenario.
D)The results cannot be interpreted-there isn't enough information given in the question.

Question 68

Cells are often ground up with abrasive to get to their internal enzymes/molecules, followed by removal of the abrasives. Here are three situations and three outcomes. What is the correct interpretation of the results? In situation #1, radioactive amino acids are added to cell material, and radioactive proteins are produced. In situation #2, radioactive amino acids, cell material, and the enzyme DNAse (degrades DNA) are added together. Radioactive proteins are still produced. In situation #3, the ground-up cell material is allowed to sit for 24 hours before radioactive amino acids and DNAse are added to it. No radioactive protein is produced. Interpretation?

A)RNA polymerase has no activity after 24 hours, so it is unable to transcribe any mRNA in the last scenario to be translated into radioactive proteins.
B)The radioactivity in the amino acids is altering/degrading the tRNA molecules, leading to no protein production in the last scenario.
C)Natural RNAses/DNAses present in the ground-up material will degrade any mRNA/DNA in that 24 hour interval.This will lead to no capability to transcribe genes/translate protein in the last scenario.
D)The results are not interpretable from the information given.

Question 69

A new drug has been discovered that inhibits the activity of DNA polymerase III. Is this drug useful for human beings?

A)Yes-it will inhibit the synthesis of DNA in bacteria, serving as a useful antibiotic.
B)No-DNA polymerase III is highly conserved, and it's likely that an inhibitor of the bacterial version would also inhibit the human version, harming our own cell's DNA synthesis.
C)Yes-DNA polymerase III is essential for filling in the gaps between Okazaki fragments in bacterial DNA synthesis.Without its function, bacterial DNA synthesis will stop.
D)No-there are redundancy mechanisms and polymerases in place (i.e.DNA polymerase I) that could fill in for the impaired DNA polymerase III.

Question 70

A graduate student is trying to isolate bacterial mRNA for an enzyme that will degrade trinitrotoluene (TNT). She's frustrated to find that the enzyme isn't produced when the bacterium in question is grown on nutrient agar. What might she do to solve the problem and obtain the mRNA?

A)Add nitrogen and toluene to the agar to drive up synthesis of TNT.
B)Add TNT to the agar-this will drive synthesis of the enzyme to degrade it, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for.
C)Remove glucose from the agar-this will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds for their energy purposes.
D)Remove all sugars from the agar-this will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds for their energy purposes.
E)Add TNT to the agar-this will drive synthesis of the enzyme to degrade it, leading to production of the mRNA the student is looking for AND remove all sugars from the agar-this will cause the bacteria to shift to other compounds for their energy purposes.