Exam 7: Race and Sentencing: in Search of Fairness and Justice

When racial disparity in sentencing occurs in some contexts,but not others,it is called:

Research comparing the sentences of illegal immigrants to U.S.citizens has found that illegal immigrants are more likely to be sentenced to prison,but are more likely to _____________________.

To be fair,a sentencing scheme must allow the judge or jury _______to shape sentences to fit individuals and their crimes.

The differential treatment of interracial crimes is most pronounced with property crimes.

The liberation hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate from fact-finding in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

One possible explanation for racial disparity in sentencing is that minorities are more often subject to facially neutral _______________which proscribe more severe sentences or sentence enhancements.

Reviews of sentencing studies from the 1930s through the 1960s found that most were:

Judges have access to all relevant information when determining an offender's culpability or dangerousness to society at the time of imposing sentence.

David Greenberg has suggested that some judges may be concerned about changes in the racial/ethnic makeup of a community and display ____________________racism in their sentencing decisions

Steffensmeier and his colleagues argue that judges develop a _______________based on stereotypes and attributions that are linked to offender characteristics.

The term __________ characterizes that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.

Ojmarrh Mitchell's meta-analysis of published research on race and sentencing found a larger effect size in jurisdictions without _________________.

Reviews of sentencing studies conducted from the 1930s through the 1960s found that most were methodologically __________.

Some researchers,building on Kalven and Zeisel's "liberation hypothesis,"¹²² assert that African Americans will be sentenced more harshly than whites in:

Research comparing the sentencing decisions of African American and white state court judges has yielded ___________results.

Auerhahn suggested that the offender's race and ethnicity would not have a direct effect on the length of the sentence.Rather,she hypothesized that harsher treatment would be reserved for African American and Hispanic defendants who more closely matched stereotypes of:

The fact that minorities have a greater likelihood of pretrial detention and unemployment,which often leads to harsher sentences,is an example of ______________discrimination.

____________________is a legally relevant factor that may very well be "race-linked"..

The numerous studies of racial disparity in sentencing conducted during the 1970s and 1980s are notable for their __________ theoretical and methodological sophistication.

_________________is one example of a "process-related" factor that interacts with race to explain disparity in sentencing between minorities and whites.