Question 1

What is equality of result? What relation does it have to de facto and de jure discrimination?

Accepted Answer

Equality of result is the aim of policies intended to reduce or eliminate discriminatory effects so that members of traditionally disadvantaged groups may obtain the same benefits of society as members of traditionally advantaged groups.De facto discrimination is discrimination that is a consequence of social,economic,and cultural biases and conditions.De jure discrimination is discrimination based on law.Equality of result is intended to combat the effects of de facto discrimination.Busing and affirmative action are examples of policies designed to achieve equality of result.Many Americans,however,believe that the government should only address de jure discrimination.

Question 2

,the Supreme Court ruled that

Accepted Answer

A) strict racial quotas were a valid means of ensuring racial diversity on college campuses. 
B) private colleges could refuse to admit prospective students on the basis of sexual orientation. 
C) male-only admissions policies at state-supported military academies were unconstitutional. 
D) because female instructors created an undue distraction at all-male universities,the schools in question could discriminate against women in their hiring practices. 
E) colleges affiliated with a particular religion could not take the religious persuasion of job candidates into consideration during the hiring process. 
A) strict racial quotas were a valid means of ensuring racial diversity on college campuses. 
B) private colleges could refuse to admit prospective students on the basis of sexual orientation. 
C) male-only admissions policies at state-supported military academies were unconstitutional. 
D) because female instructors created an undue distraction at all-male universities,the schools in question could discriminate against women in their hiring practices. 
E) colleges affiliated with a particular religion could not take the religious persuasion of job candidates into consideration during the hiring process. C

Question 3

The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discriminatory action by

Accepted Answer

A) government only. 
B) private parties only. 
C) both government and private parties. 
D) the president specifically. 
E) Congress specifically. 
A) government only. 
B) private parties only. 
C) both government and private parties. 
D) the president specifically. 
E) Congress specifically. A

Question 4

Today,women currently hold about ________ of the seats in Congress.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 in 4 
B) 1 in 6 
C) 1 in 5 
D) 1 in 10 
E) 1 in 15 
A) 1 in 4 
B) 1 in 6 
C) 1 in 5 
D) 1 in 10 
E) 1 in 15

Question 5

The focus of civil liberties is the ________ and the focus of civil rights is the ________.

Accepted Answer

A) individual;individual 
B) group;group 
C) individual;group 
D) group;individual 
E) Tenth Amendment;Twenty-seventh Amendment 
A) individual;individual 
B) group;group 
C) individual;group 
D) group;individual 
E) Tenth Amendment;Twenty-seventh Amendment

Question 6

One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that

Accepted Answer

A) since the 1980s the Supreme Court has imposed it on the American public despite congressional attempts to end it. 
B) most Americans admit that they oppose programs that ensure equal treatment for minorities. 
C) it is applied only to private businesses and schools,not to government programs and institutions. 
D) the Supreme Court has repeatedly declared it unconstitutional both in principle and in practice. 
E) it is viewed as giving preferential treatment,which is unpopular,instead of simply ensuring equal treatment. 
A) since the 1980s the Supreme Court has imposed it on the American public despite congressional attempts to end it. 
B) most Americans admit that they oppose programs that ensure equal treatment for minorities. 
C) it is applied only to private businesses and schools,not to government programs and institutions. 
D) the Supreme Court has repeatedly declared it unconstitutional both in principle and in practice. 
E) it is viewed as giving preferential treatment,which is unpopular,instead of simply ensuring equal treatment.

Question 7

Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights

Accepted Answer

A) through the enlightened policies of advantaged Americans. 
B) through judicial action only. 
C) through struggle against entrenched interests. 
D) mainly through action by the states rather than the federal government. 
E) by waiting patiently for public opinion to back their cause. 
A) through the enlightened policies of advantaged Americans. 
B) through judicial action only. 
C) through struggle against entrenched interests. 
D) mainly through action by the states rather than the federal government. 
E) by waiting patiently for public opinion to back their cause.

Question 8

In 2000,________ became the first state to legalize the civil union of same-sex couples.

Accepted Answer

A) Vermont 
B) Massachusetts 
C) New Hampshire 
D) Rhode Island 
E) Connecticut 
A) Vermont 
B) Massachusetts 
C) New Hampshire 
D) Rhode Island 
E) Connecticut

Question 9

In applying the reasonable basis test,courts tend to

Accepted Answer

A) require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable. 
B) assess whether a law had the support of a two-thirds majority of legislators at the time of passage. 
C) determine whether a law is working well and,if so,to allow it to remain in effect. 
D) prohibit any law that results in the unequal treatment of Americans. 
E) interpret the equal protection clause in a strict manner. 
A) require government only to show that a particular law is reasonable. 
B) assess whether a law had the support of a two-thirds majority of legislators at the time of passage. 
C) determine whether a law is working well and,if so,to allow it to remain in effect. 
D) prohibit any law that results in the unequal treatment of Americans. 
E) interpret the equal protection clause in a strict manner.

Question 10

held that racial segregation in schools violated the

Accepted Answer

A) due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. 
B) due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 
C) equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 
D) Civil Rights Act. 
E) establishment clause of the First Amendment. 
A) due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. 
B) due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 
C) equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 
D) Civil Rights Act. 
E) establishment clause of the First Amendment.

Question 11

One example of a policy that aimed chiefly to overcome de facto discrimination is

Accepted Answer

A) the Equal Rights Amendment. 
B) the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 
C) busing to achieve racial integration in the schools. 
D) the Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka,Kansas ruling. 
E) the Fourteenth Amendment. 
A) the Equal Rights Amendment. 
B) the Voting Rights Act of 1965. 
C) busing to achieve racial integration in the schools. 
D) the Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka,Kansas ruling. 
E) the Fourteenth Amendment.

Question 12

The first woman ever to serve on the U.S.Supreme Court was appointed by

Accepted Answer

A) President Truman. 
B) President Eisenhower. 
C) President Kennedy. 
D) President Reagan. 
E) President Carter. 
A) President Truman. 
B) President Eisenhower. 
C) President Kennedy. 
D) President Reagan. 
E) President Carter.

Question 13

Equality of result policies are primarily directed at ________ discriminatory effects.

Accepted Answer

A) de jure 
B) de facto 
C) religious 
D) gender 
E) due process 
A) de jure 
B) de facto 
C) religious 
D) gender 
E) due process

Question 14

Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the

Accepted Answer

A) reasonable basis test. 
B) strict scrutiny test. 
C) intermediate scrutiny test. 
D) precedent basis test. 
E) suspect classification test. 
A) reasonable basis test. 
B) strict scrutiny test. 
C) intermediate scrutiny test. 
D) precedent basis test. 
E) suspect classification test.

Question 15

The first large and well-organized attempt to promote women's rights came in 1848 in

Accepted Answer

A) Boston,Massachusetts. 
B) San Francisco,California. 
C) Minneapolis,Minnesota. 
D) Seneca Falls,New York. 
E) Madison,Wisconsin. 
A) Boston,Massachusetts. 
B) San Francisco,California. 
C) Minneapolis,Minnesota. 
D) Seneca Falls,New York. 
E) Madison,Wisconsin.

Question 16

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Accepted Answer

A) brought about greater rights to the disabled. 
B) came in response to the passage of the Civil Rights Act. 
C) was conducted by women seeking fairer treatment in the workplace. 
D) was conducted by women seeking the right to vote. 
E) was conducted by African Americans seeking equality of rights. 
A) brought about greater rights to the disabled. 
B) came in response to the passage of the Civil Rights Act. 
C) was conducted by women seeking fairer treatment in the workplace. 
D) was conducted by women seeking the right to vote. 
E) was conducted by African Americans seeking equality of rights.

Question 17

De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others.Examples of public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are

Accepted Answer

A) the Brown decision (de jure),and affirmative action (de facto). 
B) affirmative action (de jure),and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (de facto). 
C) the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (de jure),and the Brown decision (de facto). 
D) the Supreme Court's busing decisions (de jure),and affirmative action decisions (de facto). 
E) None of these answers is correct. 
A) the Brown decision (de jure),and affirmative action (de facto). 
B) affirmative action (de jure),and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (de facto). 
C) the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (de jure),and the Brown decision (de facto). 
D) the Supreme Court's busing decisions (de jure),and affirmative action decisions (de facto). 
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 18

The Supreme Court's decision in the Regents of the University of California v.Bakke case

Accepted Answer

A) invalidated the principle of affirmative action. 
B) ruled that Bakke could not be admitted to medical school. 
C) established quota systems as a legitimate basis of affirmative action. 
D) upheld the principle of affirmative action. 
E) None of these answers is correct. 
A) invalidated the principle of affirmative action. 
B) ruled that Bakke could not be admitted to medical school. 
C) established quota systems as a legitimate basis of affirmative action. 
D) upheld the principle of affirmative action. 
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 19

Which of the following would be considered the worst setback by affirmative action proponents?

Accepted Answer

A) Adarand v.Pena 
B) Craig v.Boren 
C) Regents of the University of California v.Bakke 
D) Swann v.Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education 
E) None of these answers is correct. 
A) Adarand v.Pena 
B) Craig v.Boren 
C) Regents of the University of California v.Bakke 
D) Swann v.Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education 
E) None of these answers is correct.

Question 20

Culminating in a historic victory in 1954,black activists in the early twentieth century generally pursued civil rights through

Accepted Answer

A) legal action. 
B) legislative action. 
C) pressure for presidential decree. 
D) bureaucratic action. 
E) campaigning through mass media. 
A) legal action. 
B) legislative action. 
C) pressure for presidential decree. 
D) bureaucratic action. 
E) campaigning through mass media.

What is equality of result? What relation does it have to de facto and de jure discrimination?

,the Supreme Court ruled that

The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discriminatory action by

Today,women currently hold about ________ of the seats in Congress.

The focus of civil liberties is the and the focus of civil rights is the .

One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that

Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights

In 2000,________ became the first state to legalize the civil union of same-sex couples.

In applying the reasonable basis test,courts tend to

held that racial segregation in schools violated the

One example of a policy that aimed chiefly to overcome de facto discrimination is

The first woman ever to serve on the U.S.Supreme Court was appointed by

Equality of result policies are primarily directed at ________ discriminatory effects.

Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the

The first large and well-organized attempt to promote women's rights came in 1848 in

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others.Examples of public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are

The Supreme Court's decision in the Regents of the University of California v.Bakke case

Which of the following would be considered the worst setback by affirmative action proponents?

Culminating in a historic victory in 1954,black activists in the early twentieth century generally pursued civil rights through

Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen

Constitutional Democracy: Promoting Liberty and Self-Government

Federalism: Forging a Nation

Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual Rights

Public Opinion and Political Socialization: Shaping the Peoples Voice

Political Participation: Activating the Popular Will

Political Parties, Candidates, and Campaigns: Defining the Voters Choice

Interest Groups: Organizing for Influence

The News Media: Communicating Political Images

Congress: Balancing National Goals and Local Interests

The Presidency: Leading the Nation

The Federal Bureaucracy: Administering the Government

The Federal Judicial System: Applying the Law

Economic and Environmental Policy: Contributing to Prosperity

Welfare and Education Policy: Providing for Personal Security and Need

Foreign Policy: Protecting the American Way

State and Local Politics: Maintaining Our Differences

Filters

Exam 5: Equal Rights: Struggling Toward Fairness

What is equality of result? What relation does it have to de facto and de jure discrimination?

,the Supreme Court ruled that

The Fourteenth Amendment applies to discriminatory action by

Today,women currently hold about ________ of the seats in Congress.

The focus of civil liberties is the ________ and the focus of civil rights is the ________.

One reason that affirmative action is so controversial is that

Disadvantaged Americans have generally gained their rights

In 2000,________ became the first state to legalize the civil union of same-sex couples.

In applying the reasonable basis test,courts tend to

held that racial segregation in schools violated the

One example of a policy that aimed chiefly to overcome de facto discrimination is

The first woman ever to serve on the U.S.Supreme Court was appointed by

Equality of result policies are primarily directed at ________ discriminatory effects.

Any law that attempts a racial or ethnic classification is subject to the

The first large and well-organized attempt to promote women's rights came in 1848 in

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

De jure discrimination and de facto discrimination are two ways in which some Americans are treated as less equal than others.Examples of public policies designed to address each of these forms of discrimination are

The Supreme Court's decision in the Regents of the University of California v.Bakke case

Which of the following would be considered the worst setback by affirmative action proponents?

Culminating in a historic victory in 1954,black activists in the early twentieth century generally pursued civil rights through

Political Thinking and Political Culture: Becoming a Responsible Citizen

Constitutional Democracy: Promoting Liberty and Self-Government

Federalism: Forging a Nation

Civil Liberties: Protecting Individual Rights

Public Opinion and Political Socialization: Shaping the Peoples Voice

Political Participation: Activating the Popular Will

Political Parties, Candidates, and Campaigns: Defining the Voters Choice

Interest Groups: Organizing for Influence

The News Media: Communicating Political Images

Congress: Balancing National Goals and Local Interests

The Presidency: Leading the Nation

The Federal Bureaucracy: Administering the Government

The Federal Judicial System: Applying the Law

Economic and Environmental Policy: Contributing to Prosperity

Welfare and Education Policy: Providing for Personal Security and Need

Foreign Policy: Protecting the American Way

State and Local Politics: Maintaining Our Differences

Filters

The focus of civil liberties is the and the focus of civil rights is the .