Exam 7: Deviance and Conformity

The general category of deviance that includes all aspects of white-collar crime as well as other deviant acts perpetrated by those in power is called ________.

Before the rise of science, the most commonly used explanation for deviant behavior was illiteracy.

What was the form of suicide Durkheim identified as occurring in large, complex, and loosely integrated societies?

The 19th century sociologist who believed that deviant behavior was a social pathology that threatened society was ________.

Any characteristic that sets people apart and discredits or discourages them from full social acceptance and participation is called ________.

What group of theories views deviance as arising when groups with power attempt to impose their norms and values on less powerful groups?

The ________ theory, developed by Jeffrey Reiman contends that those in power have designed the criminal justice system to fail because "the failure of the criminal justice system yields such benefits to those in positions of power that it amounts to success."

What did the U.S. Supreme Court finally agree upon to determine what constitutes obscenity and pornography?

Master status refers to any position an individual occupies in the social structure that overshadows the negative statuses one may occupy.

What type of stigma is experienced by ethnic and racial minorities, gays and lesbians, and members of the Pagans motorcycle gang?

Which philosophical emphasis are American corrections programs most aligned?

What theory of social control states that deviance will be effectively reduced if negative social sanctions are perceived to be swift, certain, and severe?

When voluntary social control is insufficient and folkways or mores are violated, formal social control is necessary.

The term used to describe the approach that emphasizes defined guidelines for desired behavior and uses these guidelines to qualify behavior as being either deviant or conformist is the societal reactive approach.

According to Edwin Lemert, ________ occurs when an individual violates a norm and is viewed as deviant but rejects the deviant label and maintains a conformist conception of him or herself. The internalization of a deviant label and the assumption of a deviant role, however, are viewed as ________.

Beliefs such as "we are a nation of laws, not men" and "no one is above the law" are examples of a typology of deviant behavior called ________ .

What Supreme Court case declared execution practices discriminatory and arbitrarily applied in the United States, which halted them for a four-year period?

________ viewed deviance as the result of ________, a problem that potentially threatens the survival of society, which was a part of the organic analogy he made of society.

states that deviance will be deterred if negative social sanctions (especially punishment) are perceived to be certain, swift, and severe.

What mode of adaptive behavior rejects socially accepted goals but accepts the culturally approved means to achieve them?