Question 1

Nitrogen mineralization is the process by which

Accepted Answer

A)  producers take up soil nitrogen and incorporate it into their tissues. 
B)  primary consumers ingest producers in the soil and absorb or excrete nitrogen from their tissues. 
C)  soil microbes produce organic nitrogen compounds from inorganic soil nitrogen. 
D)  soil microbes break down organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen. 
E)  nitrogen waste products in the soil are converted to atmospheric nitrogen by soil microbes. 
A)  producers take up soil nitrogen and incorporate it into their tissues. 
B)  primary consumers ingest producers in the soil and absorb or excrete nitrogen from their tissues. 
C)  soil microbes produce organic nitrogen compounds from inorganic soil nitrogen. 
D)  soil microbes break down organic nitrogen into inorganic nitrogen. 
E)  nitrogen waste products in the soil are converted to atmospheric nitrogen by soil microbes. D

Question 2

Nitrogen fixation in the soil is carried out by

Accepted Answer

A)  anaerobic bacteria. 
B)  aerobic bacteria. 
C)  mycorrhizal fungi. 
D)  cyanobacteria. 
E)  archaebacteria. 
A)  anaerobic bacteria. 
B)  aerobic bacteria. 
C)  mycorrhizal fungi. 
D)  cyanobacteria. 
E)  archaebacteria. D

Question 3

Choose the correct process of nitrogen fixation.

Accepted Answer

A)  N2 $\rightarrow$ NO3- $\rightarrow$NH3 or NH4+ 
B)  N2 $\rightarrow$ NH3 $\rightarrow$ NH4 + or NO3- 
C)  N2 $\rightarrow$ NH4+ $\rightarrow$ NH3 or NO3- 
D)  NO3- $\rightarrow$ NH3 or NH4+ $\rightarrow$ N2 
E)  NH4+ or NO3- $\rightarrow$NH3$\rightarrow$N2 
A)  N2 $\rightarrow$ NO3- $\rightarrow$NH3 or NH4+ 
B)  N2 $\rightarrow$ NH3 $\rightarrow$ NH4 + or NO3- 
C)  N2 $\rightarrow$ NH4+ $\rightarrow$ NH3 or NO3- 
D)  NO3- $\rightarrow$ NH3 or NH4+ $\rightarrow$ N2 
E)  NH4+ or NO3- $\rightarrow$NH3$\rightarrow$N2 B

Question 4

(Figure 21.8) The figure shows results of nitrogen addition in eight sites around the United States. What do these results tell us about limiting resources at the sites? What did researchers conclude about declines in species richness?

Accepted Answer

The answer of   (Figure 21.8) The figure shows...

Question 5

What are two ways that vertical mixing of waters in lakes and oceans affects primary production?

Accepted Answer

Vertical mixing of waters in lakes and o

Question 6

Potential impacts of an increased atmospheric CO2 level may include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  altering the length of plant growing seasons. 
B)  reducing the size of the polar ice sheets and glaciers. 
C)  changing the timing of plant and animal life histories. 
D)  increasing the rate of cultural eutrophication. 
A)  altering the length of plant growing seasons. 
B)  reducing the size of the polar ice sheets and glaciers. 
C)  changing the timing of plant and animal life histories. 
D)  increasing the rate of cultural eutrophication.

Question 7

Describe the process by which solar radiation drives the hydrologic cycle.

Accepted Answer

Solar radiation drives the hydrologic cy

Question 8

When terrestrial ecosystems are paved over, for example to construct a parking lot, how is the hydrologic cycle affected?

Accepted Answer

A)  Infiltration is decreased and runoff is increased. 
B)  Infiltration is increased and runoff is decreased. 
C)  Evapotranspiration is increased and runoff is decreased. 
D)  Evapotranspiration is increased and precipitation is decreased. 
A)  Infiltration is decreased and runoff is increased. 
B)  Infiltration is increased and runoff is decreased. 
C)  Evapotranspiration is increased and runoff is decreased. 
D)  Evapotranspiration is increased and precipitation is decreased.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a critical phosphorus-containing structure for organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  bones 
B)  nucleic acids 
C)  ATP 
D)  lipids 
E)  teeth 
A)  bones 
B)  nucleic acids 
C)  ATP 
D)  lipids 
E)  teeth

Question 10

How do terrestrial ecosystems replace nongaseous nutrients lost to leaching and runoff?

Accepted Answer

A)  weathering of bedrock 
B)  atmospheric fixation 
C)  precipitation 
D)  decomposition of organic matter 
A)  weathering of bedrock 
B)  atmospheric fixation 
C)  precipitation 
D)  decomposition of organic matter

Question 11

Nitrogen-fixing plants such as soybeans are able to convert

Accepted Answer

A)  soil nitrate and ammonium to gaseous nitrogen. 
B)  atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate and ammonium. 
C)  atmospheric nitric oxide to ammonium. 
D)  ammonia gas to nitrate. 
E)  soil ammonium to gaseous nitrogen. 
A)  soil nitrate and ammonium to gaseous nitrogen. 
B)  atmospheric nitrogen to nitrate and ammonium. 
C)  atmospheric nitric oxide to ammonium. 
D)  ammonia gas to nitrate. 
E)  soil ammonium to gaseous nitrogen.

Question 12

Which of the following reactions describes how some species of archaea produce carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  3 CH3OH$\rightarrow$ CO2 + 6 H2O + 3 CH4 
B)  4 CH3OH $\rightarrow$CO2 + 2 H2O + 3 CH4 
C)  CO2 + H2O + 3 CH4 $\rightarrow$ 2 CH3OH 
D)  3 CH3OH + O2 $\rightarrow$ CO2 + H2O2 + 2 CH4 
A)  3 CH3OH$\rightarrow$ CO2 + 6 H2O + 3 CH4 
B)  4 CH3OH $\rightarrow$CO2 + 2 H2O + 3 CH4 
C)  CO2 + H2O + 3 CH4 $\rightarrow$ 2 CH3OH 
D)  3 CH3OH + O2 $\rightarrow$ CO2 + H2O2 + 2 CH4

Question 13

Which of the following does NOT significantly affect terrestrial decomposition rates?

Accepted Answer

A)  pH 
B)  phosphorus content of litter 
C)  moisture 
D)  temperature 
A)  pH 
B)  phosphorus content of litter 
C)  moisture 
D)  temperature

Question 14

When looking at the atmospheric CO2 concentrations collected from ice core layers over the last 500,000 years, what does one see?

Accepted Answer

A)  an ever-increasing level of CO2 from 500,000 years before the present (BP) to today 
B)  an ever-decreasing level of CO2 from 500,000 years BP until 150,000 years BP and then a steady rise until today 
C)  a varying level of CO2 from 500,000 years BP to today 
D)  no change in the level of CO2 from 500,000 years BP until just recently (the last 100 years of human history) 
A)  an ever-increasing level of CO2 from 500,000 years before the present (BP) to today 
B)  an ever-decreasing level of CO2 from 500,000 years BP until 150,000 years BP and then a steady rise until today 
C)  a varying level of CO2 from 500,000 years BP to today 
D)  no change in the level of CO2 from 500,000 years BP until just recently (the last 100 years of human history)

Question 15

A common pesticide used to control insect herbivory of crops is found in an aquifer. Using what you know about the hydrologic cycle, describe how the pesticide could have contaminated the water.

Accepted Answer

The pesticide could have contaminated th

Question 16

What are the six types of transformations in the carbon cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, infiltration, sedimentation, burial 
B)  combustion, precipitation, respiration, aeration, photosynthesis, exchange 
C)  respiration, aeration, condensation, photosynthesis, exchange, extraction 
D)  extraction, exchange, respiration, photosynthesis, sedimentation and burial, combustion 
E)  sedimentation and burial, photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, mineralization, combustion 
A)  photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, infiltration, sedimentation, burial 
B)  combustion, precipitation, respiration, aeration, photosynthesis, exchange 
C)  respiration, aeration, condensation, photosynthesis, exchange, extraction 
D)  extraction, exchange, respiration, photosynthesis, sedimentation and burial, combustion 
E)  sedimentation and burial, photosynthesis, respiration, exchange, mineralization, combustion

Question 17

Which statement is TRUE about the global hydrologic cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  Precipitation is greater than evaporation in terrestrial ecosystems. 
B)  Evaporation is greater than precipitation in terrestrial ecosystems. 
C)  Precipitation and evaporation are about equal in terrestrial ecosystems. 
D)  Precipitation exceeds evaporation in aquatic ecosystems. 
E)  Precipitation and evaporation are about equal in aquatic ecosystems. 
A)  Precipitation is greater than evaporation in terrestrial ecosystems. 
B)  Evaporation is greater than precipitation in terrestrial ecosystems. 
C)  Precipitation and evaporation are about equal in terrestrial ecosystems. 
D)  Precipitation exceeds evaporation in aquatic ecosystems. 
E)  Precipitation and evaporation are about equal in aquatic ecosystems.

Question 18

The chemical process NH4+ $\rightarrow$ NO2- $\rightarrow$ NO3-, is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  assimilation. 
B)  mineralization. 
C)  nitrification. 
D)  nitrogen fixation. 
E)  ammonification. 
A)  assimilation. 
B)  mineralization. 
C)  nitrification. 
D)  nitrogen fixation. 
E)  ammonification.

Question 19

Where does phosphorus originate in the phosphorus cycle?

Accepted Answer

A)  the atmosphere 
B)  ocean sediments 
C)  wastewater 
D)  rocks containing phosphate 
E)  aqueous phosphate 
A)  the atmosphere 
B)  ocean sediments 
C)  wastewater 
D)  rocks containing phosphate 
E)  aqueous phosphate

Question 20

Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and aquatic ecosystems occurs

Accepted Answer

A)  unidirectionally from atmosphere to aquatic ecosystems, with net gain to aquatic ecosystems. 
B)  unidirectionally from aquatic ecosystems to the atmosphere, with net gain to the atmosphere. 
C)  bidirectionally, with net gain to aquatic ecosystems. 
D)  bidirectionally and nearly equally. 
E)  bidirectionally, with net gain to the atmosphere. 
A)  unidirectionally from atmosphere to aquatic ecosystems, with net gain to aquatic ecosystems. 
B)  unidirectionally from aquatic ecosystems to the atmosphere, with net gain to the atmosphere. 
C)  bidirectionally, with net gain to aquatic ecosystems. 
D)  bidirectionally and nearly equally. 
E)  bidirectionally, with net gain to the atmosphere.

Exam 21: Movement of Elements in Ecosystems

Nitrogen mineralization is the process by which

Nitrogen fixation in the soil is carried out by

Choose the correct process of nitrogen fixation.

(Figure 21.8) The figure shows results of nitrogen addition in eight sites around the United States. What do these results tell us about limiting resources at the sites? What did researchers conclude about declines in species richness?

What are two ways that vertical mixing of waters in lakes and oceans affects primary production?

Potential impacts of an increased atmospheric CO2 level may include all of the following EXCEPT

Describe the process by which solar radiation drives the hydrologic cycle.

When terrestrial ecosystems are paved over, for example to construct a parking lot, how is the hydrologic cycle affected?

Which of the following is NOT a critical phosphorus-containing structure for organisms?

How do terrestrial ecosystems replace nongaseous nutrients lost to leaching and runoff?

Nitrogen-fixing plants such as soybeans are able to convert

Which of the following reactions describes how some species of archaea produce carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions?

Which of the following does NOT significantly affect terrestrial decomposition rates?

When looking at the atmospheric CO2 concentrations collected from ice core layers over the last 500,000 years, what does one see?

A common pesticide used to control insect herbivory of crops is found in an aquifer. Using what you know about the hydrologic cycle, describe how the pesticide could have contaminated the water.

What are the six types of transformations in the carbon cycle?

Which statement is TRUE about the global hydrologic cycle?

The chemical process NH4+ →\rightarrow→ NO2- →\rightarrow→ NO3-, is known as

Where does phosphorus originate in the phosphorus cycle?

Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and aquatic ecosystems occurs

Introduction: Ecology, Evolution, and the Scientific Method

Adaptations to Aquatic Environments

Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments

Adaptations to Variable Environments

Climates and Soils

Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes

Evolution and Adaptation

Life Histories

Reproductive Strategies

Social Behaviors

Population Distributions

Population Growth and Regulation

Population Dynamics Over Space and Time

Predation and Herbivory

Parasitism and Infectious Diseases

Competition

Mutualism

Community Structure

Community Succession

Movement of Energy in Ecosystems

Landscape Ecology and Global Biodiversity

Global Conservation of Biodiversity

Filters

Potential impacts of an increased atmospheric CO₂ level may include all of the following EXCEPT

When looking at the atmospheric CO₂ concentrations collected from ice core layers over the last 500,000 years, what does one see?

The chemical process NH₄+ $\rightarrow$ NO₂- $\rightarrow$ NO₃-, is known as