Exam 2: Explaining Violence

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General theory of crime based on the notion that individual criminality is the result of?

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Discuss the relationship between stress and violence as it relates to the overrepresentation of minority communities.

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The relationship between stress and violence as it relates to the overrepresentation of minority communities is complex and multifaceted.

Firstly, it is important to acknowledge that minority communities often face higher levels of stress due to systemic inequalities, discrimination, and socioeconomic disparities. These stressors can contribute to higher levels of mental health issues and emotional distress within these communities. In turn, individuals who are experiencing chronic stress and trauma may be more likely to engage in violent behavior as a way of coping with their feelings of anger, frustration, and hopelessness.

Additionally, minority communities are often disproportionately affected by violence, both as victims and perpetrators. This can create a cycle of trauma and retaliation, leading to further violence and stress within these communities.

Moreover, the overrepresentation of minority communities in the criminal justice system can perpetuate stress and violence. The systemic biases and discrimination within the criminal justice system can lead to higher rates of incarceration and harsher penalties for minority individuals, leading to further stress and trauma within these communities.

It is also important to consider the impact of historical and intergenerational trauma on minority communities. Many minority groups have experienced centuries of oppression, colonization, and marginalization, which can contribute to ongoing stress and violence within these communities.

In order to address the relationship between stress and violence in minority communities, it is crucial to address the underlying systemic inequalities and provide support for mental health services, community resources, and opportunities for economic and social empowerment. By addressing the root causes of stress and violence within minority communities, we can work towards creating a more equitable and just society for all.

Lombroso was arguing that violent criminals were evolutionary throwbacks or ______,and the problem of crime rested upon the shoulders of individuals who were born to be violent and criminal.

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The idea that it is easier to remove ethical restrictions against violence when we perceive the victims to be less than us or perhaps even less than human is known as disenagement.

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The intergenerational transmission of violence theory is also known as the cycle of violence theory.

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Some biologists/criminologists suggest that violence can be linked with ______.

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Which of the following tends to have the highest levels of testosterone?

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Robert Merton's theory is often referred to as the theory of differential ______.

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Signaling theory,which suggests that criminals communicate through a wide variety of signals and signs that convey to others their credentials,their toughness,and their willingness to engage in violent and criminal activities,was suggested by whom?

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Who suggested some poor young African American men develop what he labels a "code of the street,"which involves a strong sense of personal honor combined with a corresponding emphasis on guarding against personal affronts and insults?

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Phrenology is the study of _____.

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Merton believed that a state of ______ would result when individuals lived under conditions where legitimate means were not available to achieve societal goals.

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Serotonin is a substance that helps relay messages over the gap between the nerve cells and allows them to proceed.

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According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis,which of the following factors increases the likelihood of a violent reaction?

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Define antisocial personality disorder (APD)as it relates to violence.What characteristics could be associated with APD?

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James Gilligan suggests that the linkage between poverty and violence is caused by one specific factor: social learning.

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Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld developed what they call the ______ theory of crime that links crime to the existing social structure.

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Because there is no single theory alone that can explain violence,we must look at a variety of theories,each of which can help us understand a portion of the puzzle that is human violence.In Chapter 2,you learned about ethological and biological explanations of violence along with sociological explanations of violence.Choose one of these explanations,and discuss the concept behind the theory.How does the theory you have choosen help explain and understand violence?

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An argument made by a number of criminologists but popularized by John DiIulio suggests that our society was home to a new breed of violent offender known as ______?

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______ seek to understand violent behavior in terms of personality,character,and mental disorder.

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