Chat with AIExam 12: Islam-The Way of Submission to Allah
Muslims believe that the Qur'an __________.
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How is sharia determined in Sunni Muslim communities?
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Answered by Examlex AI CopilotSharia, or Islamic law, is derived from the primary sources of Islamic faith: the Quran, which is the holy book of Islam, and the Sunnah, which consists of the practices and sayings (Hadith) of the Prophet Muhammad. In Sunni Muslim communities, the process of determining Sharia involves several steps and relies on the expertise of Islamic scholars and jurists.
1. **The Quran**: The first and most important source of Sharia is the Quran. It contains commandments and guidance that cover various aspects of life, including worship, family relations, inheritance, and criminal law. Sunni Muslims believe that the Quran is the literal word of God as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, and it is immutable and eternal.
2. **The Sunnah and Hadith**: The Sunnah, which is the example set by the Prophet Muhammad, is the second source of Sharia. It is documented in collections of Hadith, which are reports of the sayings, actions, and approvals of the Prophet. Sunni Muslims recognize six major Hadith collections, with Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim being the most authoritative.
3. **Ijma (Consensus)**: Ijma refers to the consensus of Islamic scholars on a particular issue. When the Quran and Sunnah do not provide a clear directive on a specific matter, scholars may reach a consensus on how to interpret the sources or apply their principles to new situations. The consensus of scholars from the early generations of Islam is particularly valued.
4. **Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning)**: Qiyas is a method of legal reasoning that involves drawing analogies from the established teachings of the Quran and Sunnah to address new issues. This process allows scholars to derive legal rulings for situations not explicitly covered in the primary texts.
5. **Secondary Sources**: In addition to these primary sources and methods, Sunni Islamic jurisprudence also recognizes secondary sources such as local customs (urf), public interest (maslahah), and juristic preference (istihsan), provided they do not contradict the primary sources.
Sunni Islam is further divided into four major legal schools or madhabs: Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali. Each school has its own methodology for interpreting the texts and applying Sharia. While they share the same foundational sources, they may differ in their specific rulings due to variations in the principles and methods of legal reasoning.
Islamic scholars and jurists, known as 'ulama and muftis, play a crucial role in interpreting Sharia and issuing legal opinions (fatwas) based on their understanding of the texts and the methodologies of their respective schools. These fatwas are not binding in the same way as statutory law, but they are highly influential and guide the behavior of Sunni Muslim communities.
In summary, Sharia in Sunni Muslim communities is determined through a complex process of interpreting the Quran and Sunnah, reaching consensus among scholars, applying analogical reasoning, and considering secondary sources, all within the framework of the recognized legal schools of thought.
In the late 1980s members of the Muslim Brotherhood formed the __________ movement, which is committed to the armed liberation of Palestine from occupation by the State of Israel.
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In 1996, the Islamist __________ movement seized power in Afghanistan and created the rigidly conservative Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
(46) The leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, __________, often called "the godfather of Muslim extremist movements around the globe," was executed by the Egyptian government in 1966.
(35) Using the "framework for understanding" religious worldviews developed in Chapter 1, describe the Muslim worldview.
(31) The __________ Empire was the most powerful in the world during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries C.E.
(31) In circumstances in which the Qur'an does not provide direct guidance, Sunni Muslims appeal to the hadith, __________.
(29) The __________ Muslim movement has been in alliance with the Sa'ud family of Arabia since its inception.
(30) What are the most important Muslim beliefs about the Holy Qur'an?
(37) What are the different types of responses to the modern world in modern Islam?
(38) The high god of tribal polytheism in seventh century C.E. Arabia was called __________.
(34) According to Shi'ite Muslim teaching, the first legitimate successor to Muhammad was his __________.
(39) When they arrive in Mecca at the beginning of the hajj, Muslims circumambulate the __________ seven times.
(29) For the __________ Muslim movement, the conventional teachings of Islam are like a shell and its wisdom the kernel.
(38) With the support of the Islamist government of Afghanistan, __________ took refuge there in 1996 and established terrorist training camps to mount a global struggle to defend Islam from the influence of the West.
(32) The oft-repeated phrase in Muslim prayer, Allahu akbar, means "God is
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