Chat with AIExam 19: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
Explain how demography fits within the discipline of sociology. Define one of the following (crude birthrates, fertility, infant mortality rate), and explain why it is considered an important measure for demographers.
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VerifiedDemography is customarily treated as a branch of sociology because the factors that influence population in a given group or society and migrations of populations are largely social and cultural. Demography, as a term, was invented about a century and a half ago and reflects national interests in tracking the nature and distribution of their populations. Crude birthrates represent the number of births within a given population per year. It is a useful index for population growth or decline, but it is very general-it does not specify numbers of births in relation to age distribution. Fertility is a measure indicating the average number of life-born children produced by women of childbearing age in a particular society. Birthrates, fertility being one measure, are an expression of the fertility of women, which has bearing on population. Infant mortality rate measures the number of infants who die during the first year of life per 1,000 live births. This is a particularly important specific death rate because its reduction underlies the global population explosion.
The job that most closely illustrates the informal economy is:
(32) VerifiedB
Make an argument that the most developed industrial countries have or have not entered a fourth stage of demographic transition (called the second demographic transition). Your answer should reflect an understanding of all four stages.
(43) VerifiedStudents may argue for or against the coming of the second demographic transition. In either case, answers should describe the demographic transition as an interpretation of population change that holds that a stable ratio of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached. In preindustrial societies, there is a rough balance between births and deaths because population increase is kept in check by disease, war, or lack of available food. This represents stage one. In stage two, death rates fall while fertility remains high, resulting in a phase of marked population growth. In stage three, birthrates drop and population stabilizes. The proposed fourth stage is one in which birthrates decline below replacement level: mortality rates outstrip fertility rates, resulting in population decline. This appears to be happening because of delayed marriage, delayed childbearing, rising rates of cohabitation, and high, steady rates of divorce.
Like plant and animal populations, cities grow following principles of adaptation and equilibrium so that neighborhoods were settled in a process of competition, invasion, and succession. This is the idea behind:
(44) A cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network is called:
(42) The theory that economic development generated by industrialization leads to population stability is called:
(33) The phenomenon that explains why rural places have a disproportionately higher number of older adults is called:
(34) According to sociologists, Hurricane Katrina disproportionately affected poor black people in New Orleans because of ghettoized poverty, itself the consequence of:
(39) What is one element of the ecological approach to urban analysis (the Chicago School) that, in your view, is still useful today? What is one element of this approach that is no longer useful for the study of cities?
(40) Demographers refer to changes in the ratio of births to deaths in industrialized countries as:
(28) The number of live births per year per thousand of the population is the:
(32) Manuel Castells refers to megacities as one of the main features of third-millennium urbanization. In addition to their massive population, what is a key characteristic of a megacity?
(32) The Ghanaian government wants an accurate measure of fertility rates, so it employs a sociologist to measure:
(32) What makes cities such as New York and Tokyo where the coordination of global business activity takes place "global cities"?
(36) Although today sociologists tend to use the terms interchangeably, ghettos are areas where particular people are forced to live, whereas slums are:
(38) The maximum number of years that an average person in a society could expect to live is called:
(28) Louis Wirth identified the "urban interaction problem" as the necessity for city dwellers to respect social boundaries when many people are in close proximity all the time. An example of this is:
(35) As global cities, what are two characteristics that New York, London, and Tokyo have in common? Use Saskia Sassen's theory as the basis for your answer. If you were to develop her theory, what is one additional characteristic of global cities that you would add?
(37) The global city takes on a geography of "centrality and marginality," meaning that:
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