Exam 11: State Building and Social Change in the Americas, 1830–1910

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Please define the following key terms -Democracy in America

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"Democracy in America" is a term that can refer to both the democratic system of government in the United States and a famous work of political science by the French historian and political scientist Alexis de Tocqueville. To provide a comprehensive answer, I will define both the concept of democracy as it applies to America and give an overview of Tocqueville's work.

1. Democracy in America (Concept):
Democracy in America refers to the form of government practiced in the United States, which is based on the principles of democracy. This includes:

- Popular Sovereignty: The authority of the government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives.
- Representative Democracy: Citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, forming a government that is supposed to reflect the will of the people.
- Federalism: The division of power between the national government and the state governments.
- Rule of Law: The principle that all citizens, including government officials, are subject to the law.
- Civil Liberties: The protection of individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.
- Political Equality: Each citizen has an equal vote and an equal chance to participate in the political process.

2. Democracy in America (Book by Alexis de Tocqueville):
"Democracy in America" is also the title of a seminal work by Alexis de Tocqueville, published in two volumes in 1835 and 1840. After visiting the United States, Tocqueville wrote this book to study the American democratic system and to analyze the social conditions that contributed to the development of democratic institutions. Key themes and observations from Tocqueville's "Democracy in America" include:

- Equality of Conditions: Tocqueville observed that the absence of a hereditary aristocracy in the U.S. led to a more egalitarian society, which was a fundamental aspect of American democracy.
- Tyranny of the Majority: He warned about the potential for a majority to infringe on the rights of the minority, emphasizing the importance of protecting individual rights.
- Civil Society: Tocqueville noted the importance of civil associations and political participation as a means for citizens to exercise their democratic rights and to counterbalance the power of the state.
- Self-Interest Properly Understood: He described the American propensity to pursue self-interest in ways that also benefit the community, suggesting that this was a key to the success of American democracy.
- The Role of Religion: Tocqueville believed that religion played a crucial role in American society by providing a moral foundation that supported democratic and civic norms.

Tocqueville's "Democracy in America" remains a foundational text in the fields of political science and sociology, offering insights into the functioning of American democracy and the societal factors that support it.

In the United States in the mid-nineteenth century,

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Please define the following key terms -"one drop rule"

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The "one drop rule" is a social and legal principle of racial classification that was historically prominent in the United States. It asserted that any person with even one ancestor of sub-Saharan African ancestry ("one drop" of black blood) is considered black (African-American or Negro in historical terms). This concept evolved from U.S. laws dating from the 19th century and it was used in the early 20th century to enforce racial segregation and the disenfranchisement of people with any African ancestry.

The one drop rule was not formally codified as law across the entire United States but was used in various states to determine a person's social and legal status. It was also a reflection of the social norms of the time, which were steeped in racism and white supremacy. The rule has no basis in scientific genetics and is now widely recognized as a socially constructed means of racial classification.

The implications of the one drop rule were profound, as it meant that individuals could be subjected to discrimination, segregation, and loss of rights based on the perception of their race. It also contributed to the creation of a binary system of racial classification, simplifying the complex range of human ancestries into a black-white dichotomy.

While the one drop rule is no longer legally enforced, its historical legacy continues to influence American society and the way race and identity are perceived and discussed.

What was one of the causes of the Union victory over the Confederacy during the American Civil War?

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Please define the following key terms -Napoleon III

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Most Canadians favored a continuing association with the British empire in the mid-nineteenth century.

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Trade frontiers of Canada

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What was the leading agricultural product of the Canadian Plains?

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The traveler described in this chapter,Pauline Johnson-Tekahionwake,

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Please define the following key terms -"dependency complex"

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Please define the following key terms -Republican Party

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What were the most outstanding social and political features of Mexico immediately after it won its independence from Spain in 1814?

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Under the law creating the Confederation of Canada,

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A major development in nineteenth-century North America was

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What was the result of the Indian Removal Act?

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Please define the following key terms -"industrial schools"

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What new province(s)was/were added as the result of Canada's agricultural boom?

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Please define the following key terms -Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

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What changes affected women´s lives and gender roles in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? What groups of women in which regions experienced the most change?

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Simón Bolívar's vision of a great South American confederation became a reality in the twentieth century.

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