Question 1

Which characteristics are specific to RNA during protein synthesis? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A) Presence of ribose pentose sugar 
B) Presence of single-stranded helix 
C) Presence of double-stranded helix 
D) Presence of deoxyribose pentose sugar 
E) Presence of uracil and cytosine as a pyrimidine base 
A) Presence of ribose pentose sugar 
B) Presence of single-stranded helix 
C) Presence of double-stranded helix 
D) Presence of deoxyribose pentose sugar 
E) Presence of uracil and cytosine as a pyrimidine base A,B,E

Question 2

Which factor is essential in order for protein synthesis to occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Free-standing ribosomes within the cell 
B) Protein blueprint from the cell of the DNA 
C) Specific information from the nucleus of the cell 
D) Transfer RNA to move the protein out of the cell 
A) Free-standing ribosomes within the cell 
B) Protein blueprint from the cell of the DNA 
C) Specific information from the nucleus of the cell 
D) Transfer RNA to move the protein out of the cell C

Question 3

Which statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) The cell's plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions. 
B) The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment. 
C) The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell compartment. 
D) The active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two potassium ions. 
A) The cell's plasma membrane is more soluble to sodium ions than potassium ions. 
B) The concentration of sodium ions should be higher inside the cell compartment. 
C) The concentration of potassium ions should be higher outside the cell compartment. 
D) The active transport involves pumping out three sodium ions and pumping in two potassium ions. D

Question 4

How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism? 1.2

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 34 
C) 53 
A) 3 
B) 34 
C) 53

Question 5

Which is the cell's "master mind"?

Accepted Answer

A) Nucleus 
B) Ribosome 
C) Golgi apparatus 
D) Endoplasmic reticulum 
A) Nucleus 
B) Ribosome 
C) Golgi apparatus 
D) Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 6

Which components form the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) Nucleotides 
B) Amino acids 
C) Fatty acids 
D) Phosphates 
A) Nucleotides 
B) Amino acids 
C) Fatty acids 
D) Phosphates

Question 7

In the absence of oxygen, which cellular function creates the same amount of energy as is created in the presence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

A) Dissipation of pyruvic acid 
B) Initiation of the citric acid cycle 
C) Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A 
D) Creation of acidosis via lactic acid 
A) Dissipation of pyruvic acid 
B) Initiation of the citric acid cycle 
C) Activation of acetyl-coenzyme A 
D) Creation of acidosis via lactic acid

Question 8

Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell's energy needs?

Accepted Answer

A) Ribosomes 
B) Mitochondria 
C) Ribonucleic acids 
D) Deoxyribonucleic acids 
A) Ribosomes 
B) Mitochondria 
C) Ribonucleic acids 
D) Deoxyribonucleic acids

Question 9

Which deficiency causes Tay-Sachs disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Proteasome 
B) Peroxisome 
C) Macrophage 
D) Lysosomal enzymes 
A) Proteasome 
B) Peroxisome 
C) Macrophage 
D) Lysosomal enzymes

Question 10

Which cellular actions are carried out during the process of protein synthesis? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A) DNA directs the cell to carry out the process. 
B) Transcription occurs in the ribosome of the cell. 
C) Protein translation takes place in the cell nucleus. 
D) RNA is single-stranded and travels outside the nucleus. 
E) In RNA, the pyrimidine base thymine is replaced with uracil. 
A) DNA directs the cell to carry out the process. 
B) Transcription occurs in the ribosome of the cell. 
C) Protein translation takes place in the cell nucleus. 
D) RNA is single-stranded and travels outside the nucleus. 
E) In RNA, the pyrimidine base thymine is replaced with uracil.

Question 11

Which are the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Actin and myosin 
B) Prohormone and tubulin 
C) Tubulin and actin 
D) Myosin and prohormone 
A) Actin and myosin 
B) Prohormone and tubulin 
C) Tubulin and actin 
D) Myosin and prohormone

Question 12

A client is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. At a cellular level, which function is likely to be involved?

Accepted Answer

A) Inability of ribosomes to produce a specific type of protein 
B) Incorrect processing of a protein by the Golgi apparatus 
C) Stagnation of a previously dynamic action in microtubules 
D) Obstruction of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum 
A) Inability of ribosomes to produce a specific type of protein 
B) Incorrect processing of a protein by the Golgi apparatus 
C) Stagnation of a previously dynamic action in microtubules 
D) Obstruction of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

Where does the conversion of a prohormone into a hormone take place?

Accepted Answer

A) In the ribosomes 
B) In the Golgi apparatus 
C) In the secretory granules 
D) In the endoplasmic reticulum 
A) In the ribosomes 
B) In the Golgi apparatus 
C) In the secretory granules 
D) In the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

Which statements regarding the microtubules are true? Select all that apply.

Accepted Answer

A) Microtubules are solid. 
B) Microtubules are flexible. 
C) Microtubules are composed of tubulin. 
D) Microtubules are called actin filaments. 
E) Microtubules have structures involved in cell division. 
A) Microtubules are solid. 
B) Microtubules are flexible. 
C) Microtubules are composed of tubulin. 
D) Microtubules are called actin filaments. 
E) Microtubules have structures involved in cell division.

Question 15

Which statement regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is correct?

Accepted Answer

A) During ER stress, proteins are rapidly degraded. 
B) During ER stress, lipids cannot travel to their proper intracellular locations. 
C) During ER stress, long-chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system. 
D) During ER stress, nondegraded substances accumulate in the cells. 
A) During ER stress, proteins are rapidly degraded. 
B) During ER stress, lipids cannot travel to their proper intracellular locations. 
C) During ER stress, long-chain fatty acids accumulate in the nervous system. 
D) During ER stress, nondegraded substances accumulate in the cells.

Question 16

Which factor provides DNA the unique molecular ability to replicate?

Accepted Answer

A) The pairing of nitrogenous bases 
B) The presence of pyrimidine bases 
C) The presence of nucleotides 
D) The nitrogenous base and phosphate bond 
A) The pairing of nitrogenous bases 
B) The presence of pyrimidine bases 
C) The presence of nucleotides 
D) The nitrogenous base and phosphate bond

Question 17

How many nitrogenous bases compose a single codon? 1.2

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 5 
A) 3 
B) 4 
C) 5

Question 18

A newborn patient exhibits characteristics of severe physical deformities. Which cellular component is examined to determine the cause and probability of the disease being genetically transferred?

Accepted Answer

A) Transfer RNA 
B) Ribosomal RNA 
C) Double helix of DNA 
D) Mitochondrial DNA 
A) Transfer RNA 
B) Ribosomal RNA 
C) Double helix of DNA 
D) Mitochondrial DNA

Question 19

Which option best supports the reason more energy is produced when a person is exercising?

Accepted Answer

A) Exercise causes an increase in the synthesis of protein. 
B) There is an increase in the production of pyruvic acid in the cells. 
C) The conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is increased by exercise. 
D) Muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet energy demands. 
A) Exercise causes an increase in the synthesis of protein. 
B) There is an increase in the production of pyruvic acid in the cells. 
C) The conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid is increased by exercise. 
D) Muscle cells have more mitochondria to meet energy demands.

Question 20

Which is a characteristic of adrenoleukodystrophy?

Accepted Answer

A) Accumulation of ganglioside 
B) Cessation of ribosomal protein synthesis 
C) Acceleration of cellular proteasome activity 
D) Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system 
A) Accumulation of ganglioside 
B) Cessation of ribosomal protein synthesis 
C) Acceleration of cellular proteasome activity 
D) Accumulation of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system

Exam 1: The Cell in Health and Illness

Which characteristics are specific to RNA during protein synthesis? Select all that apply.

Which factor is essential in order for protein synthesis to occur?

Which statement regarding the sodium-potassium pump is correct?

How many adenosine triphosphates (ATPs) are produced in aerobic energy metabolism? 1.2

Which is the cell's "master mind"?

Which components form the structure of DNA?

In the absence of oxygen, which cellular function creates the same amount of energy as is created in the presence of oxygen?

Which cell organelles differ in their number according to the cell's energy needs?

Which deficiency causes Tay-Sachs disease?

Which cellular actions are carried out during the process of protein synthesis? Select all that apply.

Which are the key proteins in the contractile units of the muscle cells?

A client is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. At a cellular level, which function is likely to be involved?

Where does the conversion of a prohormone into a hormone take place?

Which statements regarding the microtubules are true? Select all that apply.

Which statement regarding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is correct?

Which factor provides DNA the unique molecular ability to replicate?

How many nitrogenous bases compose a single codon? 1.2

A newborn patient exhibits characteristics of severe physical deformities. Which cellular component is examined to determine the cause and probability of the disease being genetically transferred?

Which option best supports the reason more energy is produced when a person is exercising?

Which is a characteristic of adrenoleukodystrophy?

Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Genetic Basis of Disease

Stress, Exercise, and Immobility

Obesity and Nutritional Imbalances

Pain

Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances

Acidbase Balances

Infection and Inflammation

Infectious Diseases

Disorders of the Immune System

White Blood Cell Disorders

Infection and Inflammation

Disorders of Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation

Arterial Disorders

Ischemic Heart Disease and Conduction Disorders

Heart Failure

Valvular Heart Disease

Disorders of the Venous System

Respiratory Inflammation and Infection

Skin Disorders

Renal Disorders

Urological Disorders

Endocrine Disorders

Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

Disorders of Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Disorders of the Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine

Common Disorders of the Large Intestine

Infection, Inflammation, and Cirrhosis of the Liver

Gallbladder, Pancreatic, and Bile Duct Dysfunction

Cerebrovascular Disorders

Chronic and Degenerative Neurologic Disorders

Brain and Spinal Cord Injury

Psychobiology of Behavioral Disorders

Musculoskeletal Trauma

Degenerative Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System

Infection and Inflammatory Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System

Cancer

Skin Disorders

Burns

Eye Disorders

Ear Disorders

Pathophysiologic Concepts of Aging

Sirs, Sepsis, Shock, Mods, and Death

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