Exam 7: Spot Lending and Credit Risk

When capital can be used as a signal of project quality, a good borrower is charged a low interest rate.The reason that a high risk borrower is unwilling to put up more equity despite this low rate is...

A bank loan acquired through a spot market purchase has the following characteristics:

Use the following information for questions Mr.Joseph Brown would like to borrow $100 from your bank to invest in a project that will pay off one period from now.This project is risky and its payoff depends on Mr.Brown's effort in managing it.If the project is successful, it pays off $400, but if it's unsuccessful, it pays nothing.Mr.Brown can choose two levels of effort, high or low.If he chooses high effort level, he suffers a personal cost of $75, but there is no personal cost associated with choosing the low effort level.With the two effort levels, the probability that the project will succeed is 0.7 and 0.5 for the high and low effort levels, respectively.The riskless interest rate is 5%, and the use of collateral is costly since for every $1 collateral the bank values it at 90 cents.Assume that you cannot observe Mr.Brown's effort. -Given the structure of the secured loan, which loan would he prefer and what is the net payoff associated with that choice?

Use the following information for questions National Cleaner Corp.needs a $1.5 million loan to finance a project that pays off next period.There are two projects available, A and B.You are a lending officer and know about the projects but cannot control the borrower's project choice.A will yield a payoff of $6.75 million with probability 0.6 or zero with probability 0.4.B will pay off $8 million with probability 0.5 or zero with probability 0.5.Everybody is risk neutral and the riskless interest rate is 10%.You consider designing a loan contract that involves the use of collateral However, collateral is costly and $1 of the borrower's collateral is worth only 90 cents to your bank. -Suppose that you assume B will be chosen, and offer an unsecured loan.What project will the firm choose and what is the interest rate?

The following may trigger acceleration clauses in default provisions:

Use the following information for questions You are evaluating a loan request of $2.5 million from Dubious Corp.The firm has an existing debt repayment obligation of $5 million.It has $2.6 million of equity.The firm has two projects, A and B.An investment in A will yield a payoff of $5 million with probability 0.8 and $2.5 million with probability 0.2.Project B will yield a payoff of $8 million with probability 0.4 and zero with probability 0.6.The firm has assets-in-place that generates $6 million with probability 0.8 and zero with probability 0.2.Assume that the distributions of payoff from projects A and B are common knowledge, and the payoff from A is statistically independent of the payoff from B.However, as a bank lending officer, you cannot observe the firm's project choice. -What is the interest rate charged assuming that A is chosen and the firm has no equity?

When collateral is used as a screening device in conjunction with interest rate, a high risk borrower chooses a contract with , while a low risk borrower chooses the one with .

The following is are NOT characteristics of a mortgage loan:

Which of the following statements is are false?

Use the following information for questions National Cleaner Corp.needs a $1.5 million loan to finance a project that pays off next period.There are two projects available, A and B.You are a lending officer and know about the projects but cannot control the borrower's project choice.A will yield a payoff of $6.75 million with probability 0.6 or zero with probability 0.4.B will pay off $8 million with probability 0.5 or zero with probability 0.5.Everybody is risk neutral and the riskless interest rate is 10%.You consider designing a loan contract that involves the use of collateral However, collateral is costly and $1 of the borrower's collateral is worth only 90 cents to your bank. -Given that a secured loan is offered, what is the borrower's net expected payoff from choosing project A? Project B?

Use the following information for questions Mr.Joseph Brown would like to borrow $100 from your bank to invest in a project that will pay off one period from now.This project is risky and its payoff depends on Mr.Brown's effort in managing it.If the project is successful, it pays off $400, but if it's unsuccessful, it pays nothing.Mr.Brown can choose two levels of effort, high or low.If he chooses high effort level, he suffers a personal cost of $75, but there is no personal cost associated with choosing the low effort level.With the two effort levels, the probability that the project will succeed is 0.7 and 0.5 for the high and low effort levels, respectively.The riskless interest rate is 5%, and the use of collateral is costly since for every $1 collateral the bank values it at 90 cents.Assume that you cannot observe Mr.Brown's effort. -If a secured loan is offered instead, what will be the interest rate on the loan to induce Mr.Brown to expend high effort round to the nearest decimal)?

Use the following information for questions Mr.Joseph Brown would like to borrow $100 from your bank to invest in a project that will pay off one period from now.This project is risky and its payoff depends on Mr.Brown's effort in managing it.If the project is successful, it pays off $400, but if it's unsuccessful, it pays nothing.Mr.Brown can choose two levels of effort, high or low.If he chooses high effort level, he suffers a personal cost of $75, but there is no personal cost associated with choosing the low effort level.With the two effort levels, the probability that the project will succeed is 0.7 and 0.5 for the high and low effort levels, respectively.The riskless interest rate is 5%, and the use of collateral is costly since for every $1 collateral the bank values it at 90 cents.Assume that you cannot observe Mr.Brown's effort. -If you offered an unsecured loan and assumed that low effort will be chosen, what effort level will Mr.Brown choose and what is the net payoff associated with that choice?

Representations in a loan agreement usually contain

Which of the following statements is are false?

Use the following information for questions You are evaluating a loan request of $2.5 million from Dubious Corp.The firm has an existing debt repayment obligation of $5 million.It has $2.6 million of equity.The firm has two projects, A and B.An investment in A will yield a payoff of $5 million with probability 0.8 and $2.5 million with probability 0.2.Project B will yield a payoff of $8 million with probability 0.4 and zero with probability 0.6.The firm has assets-in-place that generates $6 million with probability 0.8 and zero with probability 0.2.Assume that the distributions of payoff from projects A and B are common knowledge, and the payoff from A is statistically independent of the payoff from B.However, as a bank lending officer, you cannot observe the firm's project choice. -Suppose that after receiving the loan, the firm considers investing in B under the assumption that project A would be chosen).Is this moral hazard problem going to benefit the firm's shareholders?

Bankers Acceptances

Credit card borrowings

When capital is used as a screening device in conjunction with interest rate, a high risk borrower chooses a contract with__________ , while a low risk borrower chooses the one with_______ .

Use the following information for questions You are evaluating a loan request of $2.5 million from Dubious Corp.The firm has an existing debt repayment obligation of $5 million.It has $2.6 million of equity.The firm has two projects, A and B.An investment in A will yield a payoff of $5 million with probability 0.8 and $2.5 million with probability 0.2.Project B will yield a payoff of $8 million with probability 0.4 and zero with probability 0.6.The firm has assets-in-place that generates $6 million with probability 0.8 and zero with probability 0.2.Assume that the distributions of payoff from projects A and B are common knowledge, and the payoff from A is statistically independent of the payoff from B.However, as a bank lending officer, you cannot observe the firm's project choice. -Under the assumption that the firm doesn't have equity capital and the loan is priced assuming that A is chosen, what will be the expected value of equity if the firm switches to project B?

Use the following information for questions Mr.Joseph Brown would like to borrow $100 from your bank to invest in a project that will pay off one period from now.This project is risky and its payoff depends on Mr.Brown's effort in managing it.If the project is successful, it pays off $400, but if it's unsuccessful, it pays nothing.Mr.Brown can choose two levels of effort, high or low.If he chooses high effort level, he suffers a personal cost of $75, but there is no personal cost associated with choosing the low effort level.With the two effort levels, the probability that the project will succeed is 0.7 and 0.5 for the high and low effort levels, respectively.The riskless interest rate is 5%, and the use of collateral is costly since for every $1 collateral the bank values it at 90 cents.Assume that you cannot observe Mr.Brown's effort. -If an unsecured loan is offered and you assume that Mr.Brown will choose high effort level, what is the unsecured loan interest rate?