Exam 13: Psychology of Working Theory

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The traditional theories of career choice assert that people have the capacity to choose among many options.The textbook uses the word "volition" in reference to choice.In the early 20th century, when Frank Parsons first articulated a plan to help boys find work and then later in that century as a greater variety of jobs became available, theories developed by Holland and Super, among others, envisioned a world where people had multiple options and needed assistance in sorting through these.Theories developed in the last few decades of the 20th century recognized economic and cultural restraints operating on many people, including those from marginalized groups.Richardson and Blustein, in particular, recognized that many people do not have choices regarding work.Examples might include a person who grows up on a low-income neighborhood, attends underfunded schools, and does not have anyone to help with postgraduation plans.This person may not see options for himself or herself and may have few choices other than finding minimum wage work.A second example might be a woman who is unhappy in her teaching career.When she became a teacher, most women were directed into either nursing or teaching.Therefore, her family and educators failed to help her envision other paths for herself.