Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?

Accepted Answer

A)  song lyrics 
B)  a journal entry 
C)  television programs 
D)  school books 
E)  magazine advertisements 
A)  song lyrics 
B)  a journal entry 
C)  television programs 
D)  school books 
E)  magazine advertisements

Question 2

Your new research project is to examine the extent to which a culture values freedom.You have decided that the simplest way to measure this is to use culture-level measures.As such, which of the following would you do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sample a group of students from a single culture and then give them a cultural prime to see how it affects their valuing of freedom. 
B)  Add up the frequency with which the word "freedom" appears in magazines. 
C)  Ask people to rate how much other people around them value freedom. 
D)  Give people several scenarios and have them rate the extent to which they represent freedom. 
E)  Conduct an online survey to gather data from as many people as possible regarding how much they value freedom. 
A)  Sample a group of students from a single culture and then give them a cultural prime to see how it affects their valuing of freedom. 
B)  Add up the frequency with which the word "freedom" appears in magazines. 
C)  Ask people to rate how much other people around them value freedom. 
D)  Give people several scenarios and have them rate the extent to which they represent freedom. 
E)  Conduct an online survey to gather data from as many people as possible regarding how much they value freedom.

Question 3

If an independent variable has more variance, is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  more difficult, but only if the dependent variable also has lots of variance 
B)  easier, but only if the dependent variable has much less variance 
C)  more difficult 
D)  easier 
E)  The answer cannot be determined. 
A)  more difficult, but only if the dependent variable also has lots of variance 
B)  easier, but only if the dependent variable has much less variance 
C)  more difficult 
D)  easier 
E)  The answer cannot be determined.

Question 4

Explain how the principle of Occam's razor applies to multi-method research.

Accepted Answer

Occam's razor says the simplest explanat

Question 5

________ is better for revealing the location of activation in the brain, whereas ________ is better for understanding the timing of activation.

Accepted Answer

A)  fMRI; MRI 
B)  EEG; fMRI 
C)  MRI; EKG 
D)  fMRI; EEG 
E)  EEG; EKG 
A)  fMRI; MRI 
B)  EEG; fMRI 
C)  MRI; EKG 
D)  fMRI; EEG 
E)  EEG; EKG

Question 6

An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  can be used with more than one culture at a time. 
B)  does not require the experimenter to translate any materials. 
C)  controls for cultural differences in response biases. 
D)  allows researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other groups' cultural worlds. 
E)  equates the reference group across cultures. 
A)  can be used with more than one culture at a time. 
B)  does not require the experimenter to translate any materials. 
C)  controls for cultural differences in response biases. 
D)  allows researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other groups' cultural worlds. 
E)  equates the reference group across cultures.

Question 7

All else being equal, you would expect a culture of honor to most likely develop among which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

A)  people who farm seasonal crops 
B)  people who engage in physically exhausting occupations 
C)  people whose livelihood depends on skills they have mastered 
D)  people who transport diamonds 
E)  people engaged in service occupations 
A)  people who farm seasonal crops 
B)  people who engage in physically exhausting occupations 
C)  people whose livelihood depends on skills they have mastered 
D)  people who transport diamonds 
E)  people engaged in service occupations

Question 8

The process of back-translation

Accepted Answer

A)  involves the researcher asking participants to translate the question back into their own words. 
B)  is used primarily in face-to-face interviews. 
C)  should only be attempted by people who are fluent in at least three languages. 
D)  requires translators to work independently before meeting to resolve discrepancies. 
E)  requires translators to work together from the very start of the translation process. 
A)  involves the researcher asking participants to translate the question back into their own words. 
B)  is used primarily in face-to-face interviews. 
C)  should only be attempted by people who are fluent in at least three languages. 
D)  requires translators to work independently before meeting to resolve discrepancies. 
E)  requires translators to work together from the very start of the translation process.

Question 9

What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference group effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  standardizing people's responses 
B)  combining the cultures' respective reference groups 
C)  asking participants not to use a reference group 
D)  asking participants to compare themselves to a standard nonhuman group (such as gorillas) 
E)  using more concrete items that call for less subjective judgments 
A)  standardizing people's responses 
B)  combining the cultures' respective reference groups 
C)  asking participants not to use a reference group 
D)  asking participants to compare themselves to a standard nonhuman group (such as gorillas) 
E)  using more concrete items that call for less subjective judgments

Question 10

The Human Relations Area Files

Accepted Answer

A)  cover most cultures of the modern world. 
B)  were compiled by surveying IBM workers across the world. 
C)  were compiled by psychologists using standardized questionnaires. 
D)  are a database of religious practices in Europe, Asia, and North America. 
E)  are a database of ethnographic data from small-scale societies. 
A)  cover most cultures of the modern world. 
B)  were compiled by surveying IBM workers across the world. 
C)  were compiled by psychologists using standardized questionnaires. 
D)  are a database of religious practices in Europe, Asia, and North America. 
E)  are a database of ethnographic data from small-scale societies.

Question 11

A failure to replicate a psychological phenomenon

Accepted Answer

A)  is usually due to a mistake by the original researcher. 
B)  is usually due to a mistake by the researcher conducting the replication study. 
C)  may suggest that there are cultural factors affecting the phenomenon. 
D)  is frequently a result of poor back-translation in cross-cultural studies. 
E)  is much more likely when the study and the replication have a high degree of statistical power. 
A)  is usually due to a mistake by the original researcher. 
B)  is usually due to a mistake by the researcher conducting the replication study. 
C)  may suggest that there are cultural factors affecting the phenomenon. 
D)  is frequently a result of poor back-translation in cross-cultural studies. 
E)  is much more likely when the study and the replication have a high degree of statistical power.

Question 12

As a cultural dimension, tightness-looseness refers to the degree

Accepted Answer

A)  to which members of the group are emotionally attached. 
B)  of military versus civilian control of the government. 
C)  to which people are expected to conform to norms. 
D)  to which people value modesty. 
E)  to which people live stressful lives. 
A)  to which members of the group are emotionally attached. 
B)  of military versus civilian control of the government. 
C)  to which people are expected to conform to norms. 
D)  to which people value modesty. 
E)  to which people live stressful lives.

Question 13

After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content.This is called ________ bias.

Accepted Answer

A)  leniency 
B)  halo 
C)  acquiescence 
D)  ubiquity 
E)  hypoanalytic 
A)  leniency 
B)  halo 
C)  acquiescence 
D)  ubiquity 
E)  hypoanalytic

Question 14

Reference group effects in cross-cultural research occur because

Accepted Answer

A)  people use social comparison to evaluate themselves. 
B)  people do not really know how they feel. 
C)  people from different cultures have different response styles. 
D)  people value what they are most in need of. 
E)  some words do not translate well into other languages. 
A)  people use social comparison to evaluate themselves. 
B)  people do not really know how they feel. 
C)  people from different cultures have different response styles. 
D)  people value what they are most in need of. 
E)  some words do not translate well into other languages.

Question 15

As described in the textbook, finding that U.S.Southerners respond aggressively to insults more than Northerners because of underlying differences in measures of honor would be an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  unpackaging a cultural difference. 
B)  a within-groups experimental design. 
C)  a situation-sampling study. 
D)  a quasi-experimental finding. 
E)  None of these terms describe the finding. 
A)  unpackaging a cultural difference. 
B)  a within-groups experimental design. 
C)  a situation-sampling study. 
D)  a quasi-experimental finding. 
E)  None of these terms describe the finding.

Question 16

Using cultural priming, come up with a within-groups study design involving American and Japanese participants that examines whether independent or interdependent mind-sets affect their feelings of connectedness with their friends (ignore response biases as a consideration for this question).

Accepted Answer

One possible within-groups study design

Question 17

You are having trouble publishing results from your latest study, but you remember reading that people are more easily convinced if there is neuroscientific evidence.To add neuroscience to your study, you decide to

Accepted Answer

A)  use situational sampling. 
B)  run a replication. 
C)  measure cortisol secretions. 
D)  get fMRI data from new participants. 
E)  test the reactions of respondents' nerves. 
A)  use situational sampling. 
B)  run a replication. 
C)  measure cortisol secretions. 
D)  get fMRI data from new participants. 
E)  test the reactions of respondents' nerves.

Question 18

Nisbett and Cohen's archival studies in the United States found that

Accepted Answer

A)  the homicide rate within the rural U.S.South is larger in the moist plains than in the hills and dry plains. 
B)  prior to the Civil War, there were more slaves in the hills and dry plains than in the moist plains. 
C)  the difference in argument-related homicide rates between the U.S.South and U.S.North is more pronounced between large cities in the South and North than it is between rural areas within the South and North. 
D)  all kinds of homicide rates are higher in the U.S.South than in the U.S.North. 
E)  None of these statements are correct. 
A)  the homicide rate within the rural U.S.South is larger in the moist plains than in the hills and dry plains. 
B)  prior to the Civil War, there were more slaves in the hills and dry plains than in the moist plains. 
C)  the difference in argument-related homicide rates between the U.S.South and U.S.North is more pronounced between large cities in the South and North than it is between rural areas within the South and North. 
D)  all kinds of homicide rates are higher in the U.S.South than in the U.S.North. 
E)  None of these statements are correct.

Question 19

After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone's responses tend toward the mid-points of the response scale (e.g., "Neither agree nor disagree").How can you correct for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Give respondents forced-choice response options (e.g., "Agree/Disagree"). 
B)  Reverse-score half the items. 
C)  Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated. 
D)  Ask respondents not to show response biases. 
E)  Specify a reference group for comparison. 
A)  Give respondents forced-choice response options (e.g., "Agree/Disagree"). 
B)  Reverse-score half the items. 
C)  Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated. 
D)  Ask respondents not to show response biases. 
E)  Specify a reference group for comparison.

Question 20

Canada and the United States are two countries that, in many ways, are very similar to each other, particularly in terms of the personality trait called extraversion.A researcher wants to study whether there is a cultural difference between Canada and the United States in terms of how much the people like to socialize with friends, which is related to extraversion.From the information provided, determine what the independent variable(s) and dependent variable(s) are, write about whether you think this study is high or low in power, and justify why you would ascribe high or low power to this study.

Accepted Answer

The independent variable in this study i

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?

Your new research project is to examine the extent to which a culture values freedom.You have decided that the simplest way to measure this is to use culture-level measures.As such, which of the following would you do?

If an independent variable has more variance, is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the dependent variable?

Explain how the principle of Occam's razor applies to multi-method research.

is better for revealing the location of activation in the brain, whereas is better for understanding the timing of activation.

An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that it

All else being equal, you would expect a culture of honor to most likely develop among which of the following groups?

The process of back-translation

What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference group effect?

The Human Relations Area Files

A failure to replicate a psychological phenomenon

As a cultural dimension, tightness-looseness refers to the degree

After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content.This is called ________ bias.

Reference group effects in cross-cultural research occur because

As described in the textbook, finding that U.S.Southerners respond aggressively to insults more than Northerners because of underlying differences in measures of honor would be an example of

Using cultural priming, come up with a within-groups study design involving American and Japanese participants that examines whether independent or interdependent mind-sets affect their feelings of connectedness with their friends (ignore response biases as a consideration for this question).

You are having trouble publishing results from your latest study, but you remember reading that people are more easily convinced if there is neuroscientific evidence.To add neuroscience to your study, you decide to

Nisbett and Cohen's archival studies in the United States found that

After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone's responses tend toward the mid-points of the response scale (e.g., "Neither agree nor disagree").How can you correct for this?

Culture and Human Nature

Cultural Evolution

Methods for Studying Culture and Psychology

Self and Personality: How Does Culture Affect How We Understand Ourselves

Motivation

Morality

Emotions

Cognition and Perception

Mental and Physical Health

Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships, and Groups

Living in Multicultural Worlds

Physical Health

Mentalhealth

Organizations Leadership, and Justice

Filters

Exam 4: Development and Socialization: How Do We Come to Learn a Culture

Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?

Your new research project is to examine the extent to which a culture values freedom.You have decided that the simplest way to measure this is to use culture-level measures.As such, which of the following would you do?

If an independent variable has more variance, is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the dependent variable?

Explain how the principle of Occam's razor applies to multi-method research.

________ is better for revealing the location of activation in the brain, whereas ________ is better for understanding the timing of activation.

An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that it

All else being equal, you would expect a culture of honor to most likely develop among which of the following groups?

The process of back-translation

What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference group effect?

The Human Relations Area Files

A failure to replicate a psychological phenomenon

As a cultural dimension, tightness-looseness refers to the degree

After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer "yes" to all the questions, regardless of the content.This is called ________ bias.

Reference group effects in cross-cultural research occur because

As described in the textbook, finding that U.S.Southerners respond aggressively to insults more than Northerners because of underlying differences in measures of honor would be an example of

Using cultural priming, come up with a within-groups study design involving American and Japanese participants that examines whether independent or interdependent mind-sets affect their feelings of connectedness with their friends (ignore response biases as a consideration for this question).

You are having trouble publishing results from your latest study, but you remember reading that people are more easily convinced if there is neuroscientific evidence.To add neuroscience to your study, you decide to

Nisbett and Cohen's archival studies in the United States found that

After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone's responses tend toward the mid-points of the response scale (e.g., "Neither agree nor disagree").How can you correct for this?

Culture and Human Nature

Cultural Evolution

Methods for Studying Culture and Psychology

Self and Personality: How Does Culture Affect How We Understand Ourselves

Motivation

Morality

Emotions

Cognition and Perception

Mental and Physical Health

Interpersonal Attraction, Close Relationships, and Groups

Living in Multicultural Worlds

Physical Health

Mentalhealth

Organizations Leadership, and Justice

Filters

is better for revealing the location of activation in the brain, whereas is better for understanding the timing of activation.