Question 1

What are the age-related changes in neurons?

Accepted Answer

A) There are no age-related changes in neurons, but there are changes in neurotransmitters. 
B) The number of neurons increases. 
C) Tangles develop in the fibers that make up the axon. 
D) The number of connections between neurons, measured as synapses, increases after age 75. 
A) There are no age-related changes in neurons, but there are changes in neurotransmitters. 
B) The number of neurons increases. 
C) Tangles develop in the fibers that make up the axon. 
D) The number of connections between neurons, measured as synapses, increases after age 75.

Question 2

The field of neuroscience can be defined as

Accepted Answer

A) the study of free radicals. 
B) the study of the compensatory changes that older adults make in adapting to behavioral decline. 
C) the use of stem cells to generate new neurons. 
D) the study of the brain, particularly the study of plasticity in the aging brain. 
A) the study of free radicals. 
B) the study of the compensatory changes that older adults make in adapting to behavioral decline. 
C) the use of stem cells to generate new neurons. 
D) the study of the brain, particularly the study of plasticity in the aging brain.

Question 3

Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced by changes in the brain at both the _______ and __________ levels.

Accepted Answer

structural

Question 4

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their __________ functioning.

Accepted Answer

A) conscious 
B) unconscious 
C) cognitive 
D) physical 
A) conscious 
B) unconscious 
C) cognitive 
D) physical

Question 5

P-FIT stands for

Accepted Answer

A) Passive-Frontal Lobe Integration Theory. 
B) Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory. 
C) Parieto-Fractional Imperative Test. 
D) Partial-Frontal Interest Theory. 
A) Passive-Frontal Lobe Integration Theory. 
B) Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory. 
C) Parieto-Fractional Imperative Test. 
D) Partial-Frontal Interest Theory.

Question 6

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and _________performance in a number of tasks, including __________ memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

A) higher; long-term 
B) lower; working 
C) higher; working 
D) lower; short-term 
A) higher; long-term 
B) lower; working 
C) higher; working 
D) lower; short-term

Question 7

Evidence has shown that the _________ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the _________ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

Accepted Answer

A) increase; increased 
B) decrease; increased 
C) function; increased 
D) increase; decreased 
A) increase; increased 
B) decrease; increased 
C) function; increased 
D) increase; decreased

Question 8

Even though aging is associated with an overall decrease in the number of new neurons, this differs across ______________.

Accepted Answer

regions of

Question 9

What have you learned in this chapter about the ways in which brain deterioration can be slowed or even reversed?

Accepted Answer

Even though there are normative declines

Question 10

Research by Winecoff and colleagues (2011) indicates that as cognitive abilities decline, people may be less able to __________ , a pattern typical in diseases such as dementia.

Accepted Answer

A) ignore irrelevant information 
B) learn new tasks 
C) hold as many pieces of information in working memory at one time 
D) regulate their emotions 
A) ignore irrelevant information 
B) learn new tasks 
C) hold as many pieces of information in working memory at one time 
D) regulate their emotions

Question 11

____________ is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.

Accepted Answer

A) Plasticity 
B) Neurality 
C) Neuroscience 
D) Neurofibrillation 
A) Plasticity 
B) Neurality 
C) Neuroscience 
D) Neurofibrillation

Question 12

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the __________ of the brain.

Accepted Answer

A) blood flow 
B) structure 
C) development 
D) function 
A) blood flow 
B) structure 
C) development 
D) function

Question 13

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging (STAC) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at ___________ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

Accepted Answer

A) low 
B) high 
C) superior 
D) unpredictable 
A) low 
B) high 
C) superior 
D) unpredictable

Question 14

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?

Accepted Answer

A) because random sampling is not used 
B) because the measures used in these types of studies lack validity 
C) because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation 
D) because correlational findings are more speculative than those acquired from experimental designs 
A) because random sampling is not used 
B) because the measures used in these types of studies lack validity 
C) because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation 
D) because correlational findings are more speculative than those acquired from experimental designs

Question 15

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with

Accepted Answer

A) surgery and medications. 
B) medications and lifestyle changes. 
C) cognitive behavioral therapy and changes in diet. 
D) hypnosis and lifestyle changes. 
A) surgery and medications. 
B) medications and lifestyle changes. 
C) cognitive behavioral therapy and changes in diet. 
D) hypnosis and lifestyle changes.

Question 16

The dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning such as inhibiting thoughts,___________, and planning.

Accepted Answer

A) attention 
B) socialization 
C) activity level 
D) temperament 
A) attention 
B) socialization 
C) activity level 
D) temperament

Question 17

Which part of the brain is preserved from aging?

Accepted Answer

A) amygdala 
B) occipital 
C) parietal 
D) prefrontal 
A) amygdala 
B) occipital 
C) parietal 
D) prefrontal

Question 18

What is the neurocorrelational approach? How does it differ from the neuropsychological approach? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The neurocorrelational method of researc

Question 19

Reduced brain activation or ____________ of the prefrontal cortex occurs in the elderly during intentional cognitive processing.

Accepted Answer

A) over-recruitment 
B) decline-recruitment 
C) low-recruitment 
D) under-recruitment 
A) over-recruitment 
B) decline-recruitment 
C) low-recruitment 
D) under-recruitment

Question 20

Most neuroscience research has focused on the

Accepted Answer

A) right axon. 
B) brain stem. 
C) cerebral cortex. 
D) focal area. 
A) right axon. 
B) brain stem. 
C) cerebral cortex. 
D) focal area.

What are the age-related changes in neurons?

The field of neuroscience can be defined as

Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced by changes in the brain at both the _ and ____ levels.

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their __________ functioning.

P-FIT stands for

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and _performance in a number of tasks, including __ memory tasks.

Evidence has shown that the _ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the _ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

Even though aging is associated with an overall decrease in the number of new neurons, this differs across ______________.

What have you learned in this chapter about the ways in which brain deterioration can be slowed or even reversed?

Research by Winecoff and colleagues (2011) indicates that as cognitive abilities decline, people may be less able to __________ , a pattern typical in diseases such as dementia.

____________ is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the __________ of the brain.

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging (STAC) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at ___________ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with

The dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning such as inhibiting thoughts,___________, and planning.

Which part of the brain is preserved from aging?

What is the neurocorrelational approach? How does it differ from the neuropsychological approach? Explain.

Reduced brain activation or ____________ of the prefrontal cortex occurs in the elderly during intentional cognitive processing.

Most neuroscience research has focused on the

Studying Adult Development and Aging

Physical Changes

Longevity, Health, and Functioning

Where People Live: Person-Environment Interactions

Attention and Memory

Intelligence

Social Cognition

Personality

Clinical Assessment, Mental Health, and Mental Disorders

Relationships

Work, Leisure, and Retirement

Dying and Bereavement

Successful Aging

Filters

Exam 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development

What are the age-related changes in neurons?

The field of neuroscience can be defined as

Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced by changes in the brain at both the _______ and __________ levels.

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their __________ functioning.

P-FIT stands for

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and _________performance in a number of tasks, including __________ memory tasks.

Evidence has shown that the _________ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the _________ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

Even though aging is associated with an overall decrease in the number of new neurons, this differs across ______________.

What have you learned in this chapter about the ways in which brain deterioration can be slowed or even reversed?

Research by Winecoff and colleagues (2011) indicates that as cognitive abilities decline, people may be less able to __________ , a pattern typical in diseases such as dementia.

____________ is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the __________ of the brain.

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging (STAC) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at ___________ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with

The dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning such as inhibiting thoughts,___________, and planning.

Which part of the brain is preserved from aging?

What is the neurocorrelational approach? How does it differ from the neuropsychological approach? Explain.

Reduced brain activation or ____________ of the prefrontal cortex occurs in the elderly during intentional cognitive processing.

Most neuroscience research has focused on the

Studying Adult Development and Aging

Physical Changes

Longevity, Health, and Functioning

Where People Live: Person-Environment Interactions

Attention and Memory

Intelligence

Social Cognition

Personality

Clinical Assessment, Mental Health, and Mental Disorders

Relationships

Work, Leisure, and Retirement

Dying and Bereavement

Successful Aging

Filters

Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced by changes in the brain at both the _ and ____ levels.

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and _performance in a number of tasks, including __ memory tasks.

Evidence has shown that the _ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the _ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.