Exam 42: Some Guidelines for Students of English as a Second Language.

Instructions: The paragraph below is developed by a specific mode or pattern. Read the paragraph; then answer the question(s). (1) Judges can be divided, on the basis of their written opinions, into three categories: conservative, liberal, and centrist (2) Although all judges respect the law, conservative judges have an especially strong belief in the importance of the law and the history surrounding it. (3) They believe that real justice comes only from strictly applying the law to the facts of a case, whether or not the outcome seems fair to an individual. (4) On the other hand, liberal judges look beyond a rigid reading to the "spirit of the law" in their search for real justice in a case (5) They might broadly interpret the law in order to champion individual rights (6) The outcome of the case matters more to them than the letter of the law (7) Finally, centrist judges walk the middle ground between conservative and liberal (8) They do not apply the law as rigidly as conservative judges, yet they are not as willing as liberal judges to apply the law loosely (9) Having different types of judges helps balance our legal system; their differing views help protect both the law and individual rights. Transitional words or phrases are used in which sentences?

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: In order to be a good cook, you have to be prepared in the kitchen. Keep your pantry stocked with ingredients you use all the time.

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: Gilberto learned how to play the trumpet, but it took a long time. When he played, the mouthpiece hurt his lips.

Instructions: The paragraph below is developed by a specific mode or pattern. Read the paragraph; then answer the question(s). (1) Food critics always aim for anonymity so that restaurant owners will not recognize them (2) A case in point is Ruth Reichl. (3) Reichl was food critic for The New York Times for many years. (4) Everyone from bartenders at the Ritz to small bistro owners came to recognize her face and gave her preferential treatment to get their restaurants a good review (5) To avoid recognition, Reichl used twelve different disguises in order to be treated like an anonymous customer (6) Sometimes she would manicure her nails, wear makeup, and dress in a black suit for a sophisticated look (7) At other times she would wear a gray wig and a housedress to have an older, more modest look (8) Reichl went to great lengths to disguise herself to avoid preferential treatment. Select the type of development the writer of this paragraph has used.

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: Modern fireworks have their origins in tenth-century Chinese pyrotechnics. The original fireworks were not so different from those we have now.

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: In order to be a good cook, you have to be prepared in the kitchen. Have clean, sharpened knives in various sizes.

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: Gilberto learned how to play the trumpet, but it took a long time. The trumpet has three valves.

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: In order to be a good cook, you have to be prepared in the kitchen. Cookbooks are so expensive.

Instructions: The following sentences form an essay. Proofread them for consistency, parallelism, and concise language. Select the letter of the error in each sentence. They thought it was a strange, odd, and a mystery.

Instructions: Each group of sentences below could be organized into and written as a paragraph. In each group, select the letter of the topic sentence. Which sentence is the topic sentence?

Instructions: The paragraph below is developed by a specific mode or pattern. Read the paragraph; then answer the question(s). (1) Music aficionados will always argue over compact discs and records (2) LPs, or long playing records, have been around since the invention of the phonograph. (3) Many jazz fans say that LP records give jazz and blues music a certain character. (4) They refer to the authentic pops and scratches audible even on a good recording after several plays (5) Classical music fans, however, stand by compact discs as the best way to listen to recorded music (6) Though LPs capture the pops and scratches, CDs capture both the highs of virtuoso violins and the lows of tubas with a clarity that LPs cannot replicate (7) Although record companies produce fewer and fewer LPs each year, they will always have die-hard fans who will stand by vinyl. Select the type of development the writer of this paragraph has used.

Instructions: The following sentences form an essay. Proofread them for consistency, parallelism, and concise language. Select the letter of the error in each sentence. However, even as late as 1550, soap had not won over everyone. For instance, a German duchess gets angry when she receives a box of soap as a gift; she threw the messenger out of the palace.

Instructions: The paragraph below is developed by a specific mode or pattern. Read the paragraph; then answer the question(s). (1) The chronograph is a watch that measures time in different ways (2) Its dial has two, three, or even four smaller subdials for this purpose. (3) A dial at the 9 o'clock mark might measure continuous seconds; one at six o'clock might count total hours up to twelve. (4) Specific features like these are useful to people who must measure time with great accuracy (5) The stopwatch dial, for example, is useful to athletes who must time and assess their performance (6) Another possible feature, the tachometer, can be used by race-car drivers to measure the speed of Formula One racers (7) The chronograph's radium dial with luminous numbers and hands is helpful to military personnel conducting operations at night (8) A waterproof version with rubber gasket rings can be used by divers who need to mark the tides (9) Because of the chronograph's fancy, technical details, these timepieces project an active, competent, outdoor image. Transitional words or phrases are used in which sentences?

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: Gilberto learned how to play the trumpet, but it took a long time. In time, Gilberto's tongue and lip muscles became strong.

Instructions: The topic sentence below is followed by a brainstormed list of possible ideas for a paragraph. Decide which ideas support the topic sentence and should be kept and which ideas should be dropped. Select "keep" or "drop" for each idea. Topic sentence: Modern fireworks have their origins in tenth-century Chinese pyrotechnics. Fireworks are too loud.

Instructions: The paragraph below is developed by a specific mode or pattern. Read the paragraph; then answer the question(s). (1) Do you have a flat bicycle tire? (2) If so, then follow these easy steps and you'll be on your way in no time. (3) First, remove the flat tire from its frame. (4) Make sure all the air is out of the tire (5) Next, separate the tire from its rim (6) Carefully remove the tube from inside the tire (7) Once the tube is removed, patch it or start with a new tube (8) Then inspect the inside of the rim for thorns, sticks, pebbles, or anything else that might cause a puncture (9) Now you're ready to insert the tire back inside the rim (10)After pushing the tire back into the rim, make sure the tube is completely inside the tire (11)Inflate the new or patched tire (12)After you check for bulges or irregularities in the tire, it should be ready for use. Select the type of development the writer of this paragraph has used.

Instructions: The following sentences form an essay. Proofread them for consistency, parallelism, and concise language. Select the letter of the error in each sentence. Gradually, attitudes toward soap began to change and did not stay the same.

Instructions: The paragraph below is developed by a specific mode or pattern. Read the paragraph; then answer the question(s). (1) Networks should not present children's shows that contain violence (2) Children fed a constant diet of TV violence begin to believe that brutality is acceptable. (3) Seeing dogs, cats, and mice pushing each other off roofs and hitting each other with bricks in these shows, children are bound to assume that brutality is and should be a way of life. (4) Another reason for keeping violence out of children's shows is that young viewers may get the idea that violence is not really painful (5) For example, my neighbor has told me that after a Saturday morning of violent cartoons, her son Paul tends to hit and bully his sister and then seems amazed when, unlike the smiling cartoon characters, she cries (6) Most important, the consequences of letting our children watch these shows are frightening to imagine (7) We may be raising a generation of adolescents and then adults so used to watching cruelty on television that they will not be moved to stop it when they see it in real life. Transitional words or phrases are used in which sentences?

Instructions: Select the letter of the answer that correctly identifies each type of prewriting. The prewriting below is an example of

Instructions: Select the part of the sentence that contains a grammar or punctuation error. Perhaps the most common use of tattoos however; is for people to identify themselves as members of a particular class or social group.