Exam 5: Projecting Power, 1875-1920

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The Open Door policy refers to a principle of international relations initially proposed by the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The policy advocates for equal privileges among countries trading with China and supports the territorial and administrative integrity of the Chinese nation. It was first articulated by US Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, with the aim of ensuring that no single country would have a monopoly on trade with China and that all countries would have equal access to Chinese markets.

The Open Door policy was a response to the spheres of influence that various European powers, along with Japan and Russia, were establishing in China. These powers were carving out regions where each held economic dominance, often backed by military presence. The United States, which did not have a sphere of influence in China, was concerned that it might be excluded from Chinese trade.

The policy had several key objectives:

1. To preserve the territorial and administrative integrity of China.
2. To ensure that all countries would be able to trade with China on an equal basis.
3. To prevent any one nation from gaining control over China.

While the Open Door policy was never formally ratified by treaty or international agreement, it was generally accepted by the major powers. However, the effectiveness of the policy was limited, and it did not prevent the continued exploitation of China or the eventual outbreak of conflict in the region.

The Open Door policy is significant in the history of international relations as it reflects the early American approach to foreign policy that emphasized commercial interests and the principle of equal opportunity in international trade. It also played a role in shaping the dynamics of East Asian politics in the early 20th century.

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Arbitration is a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) that is used to resolve conflicts outside of the court system. It is a process in which the disputing parties agree to submit their disagreement to one or more impartial third parties, known as arbitrators, for a binding decision. The arbitrators act as private judges who listen to both sides of the argument and then make a decision that is typically final and enforceable by law.

The arbitration process is often chosen because it can be faster, less formal, and less expensive than litigation in court. It also allows the parties to select arbitrators with specific expertise relevant to their dispute, which can be particularly beneficial in complex technical or commercial matters.

Arbitration can be either voluntary, where both parties agree to use arbitration after a dispute arises, or mandatory, which is often stipulated in a contract clause requiring that any future disputes be resolved through arbitration. The rules governing the arbitration process may be provided by specialized institutions that offer arbitration services, such as the American Arbitration Association (AAA) or the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), or they may be agreed upon by the parties themselves.

The outcome of arbitration, known as an award, is usually binding on the parties, meaning that it cannot be appealed to a court except on very limited grounds, such as fraud or a violation of due process. This finality can be seen as an advantage, as it provides a clear resolution to the dispute, but it can also be a disadvantage if a party is dissatisfied with the decision and has no recourse for appeal.

In summary, arbitration is a method of resolving disputes outside of the court system by entrusting the decision to one or more arbitrators whose judgment is typically final and legally binding.