Exam 8: Policing Within the Law

All warrants must be based on ____________________.

The "harmless error" doctrine applies to cases involving the admissibility of

A protective search for weapons is known as

Compare and contrast the various kinds of probable cause. Give examples of each.

A stop is also called a threshold inquiry.

A stop is also called

The constitutional standards for searches and seizures, including arrests, are contained in the ____________________ Amendment.

The courts have recognized the need for exceptions to a search warrant where ____________________ is involved, as in the cases with automobiles.

Explain the differences and similarities between a stop, a frisk, a search, a seizure and an arrest.

The concept of probable cause is an American invention and is a little more than 200 years old.

The intent of "stop and frisk" is governed by the ____ Amendment.

In Smith v. United States , the Supreme Court defined ____ as: "The sum total of layers of information and the synthesis of what the police have heard, what they know, and what they observe as trained officers."

Sobriety checkpoints are a form of ____.

A protective sweep is intended to protect

The basic legal considerations in a stop and frisk situation were set forth in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision of

The court's definition of ____________________ is that area within the person's reach, also called the person's wingspan.

The ____________________ stipulates that lawful arrests require an arrest warrant.

The first part of the Fourth Amendment is called the "____" clause.

The ____________________ must accept the burden of proof when items not specified in the warrant are seized.

Searches are intended to obtain incriminating evidence.