Exam 11: Questioned Documents and Impression Evidence

Correct Answer:

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Four factors that result in differences in handwriting between individuals include:

1. **Biological Factors**: Each person has unique physical and neurological characteristics that influence their handwriting. This includes fine motor skills, hand-eye coordination, muscle strength, and dexterity. Even identical twins with similar genetic makeup can have variations in their handwriting due to slight differences in their development and the way they control their muscles.

2. **Educational and Cultural Background**: The way a person is taught to write can greatly affect their handwriting. Different countries and educational systems have varying standards and styles for teaching handwriting. For example, someone educated in the United States might have a different handwriting style compared to someone educated in Russia or India, where the script and writing techniques differ.

3. **Psychological Factors**: A person's emotional state, personality, and mood can influence their handwriting. For instance, someone who is anxious or in a hurry may have more erratic and less legible handwriting compared to when they are calm. Over time, these psychological factors can contribute to the development of a person's unique handwriting style.

4. **Physical Conditions**: Temporary or permanent physical conditions can affect handwriting. For example, an injury to the hand or arm, arthritis, or neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease can change the way a person writes. Even factors like fatigue or the use of different writing instruments (e.g., a fountain pen versus a ballpoint pen) can result in variations in handwriting.

These factors, among others, contribute to the individual variations in handwriting, making it as unique as a fingerprint for each person.