Exam 8: Archaeological Classification and Ancient Technologies

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Bone and wood were likely used as tools by early humans for a variety of purposes. Bone could have been used to make sharp tools such as needles, awls, and spear points. It could also have been used to make fish hooks, harpoons, and even as a material for making handles for other tools. Wood, on the other hand, could have been used to make digging sticks, clubs, and even early forms of spears and arrows.

There is little evidence for the use of bone and wood as tools by early humans because these materials do not preserve as well as stone. Stone tools are more likely to survive in the archaeological record because they are more durable and do not decompose as easily as bone and wood. Additionally, bone and wood tools may have been used for specific tasks that did not leave behind as much evidence, such as hunting or fishing, which makes it harder for archaeologists to find and identify these tools. However, recent discoveries and advancements in archaeological techniques have started to uncover more evidence of bone and wood tools used by early humans, providing a better understanding of their technological capabilities.

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In archaeology, there are several types of artifacts and sites that are studied and analyzed to understand past human societies. Some of the main types in archaeology include:

1. Lithic artifacts: These are stone tools and artifacts made from stone, such as arrowheads, blades, and axes. Examples of lithic artifacts include Clovis points, hand axes, and flint scrapers.

2. Ceramic artifacts: These are artifacts made from clay and fired in a kiln, such as pottery and figurines. Examples of ceramic artifacts include Greek pottery, Mayan figurines, and Chinese porcelain.

3. Metal artifacts: These are artifacts made from metal, such as weapons, jewelry, and coins. Examples of metal artifacts include Viking swords, Roman coins, and Egyptian jewelry.

4. Ecofacts: These are organic remains that provide information about past environments and human activities, such as animal bones, plant remains, and pollen. Examples of ecofacts include animal bones from a prehistoric hunting site, seeds from an ancient agricultural field, and pollen from a burial site.

5. Architectural sites: These are sites that contain the remains of buildings and structures, such as houses, temples, and fortifications. Examples of architectural sites include the pyramids of Egypt, the Roman Colosseum, and the cliff dwellings of the Ancestral Puebloans.

6. Burial sites: These are sites that contain human remains and associated grave goods, providing insights into past burial practices and beliefs. Examples of burial sites include the tombs of the pharaohs in Egypt, the Terracotta Army in China, and the burial mounds of the ancient Celts.

These are just a few examples of the types of artifacts and sites that archaeologists study to reconstruct and understand past human societies. Each type provides valuable information about different aspects of ancient cultures and can help archaeologists piece together the puzzle of human history.