Exam 6: Globalization and Fragmentation in a New World Order: 1991 to the Present

Correct Answer:

Verified

$\bullet$ A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden
$\bullet$ Killing military personnel in Saudi Arabia in 1996, bombing the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, attacking the destroyer USS Cole in the port of Yemen, bombing the World Trade Center in 1993, and perpetrating the September 11 attacks

Correct Answer:

Answered by Examlex AI Copilot

Realism, liberalism, and constructivism are three major theories in international relations that have shaped the global landscape from 1991 to the present. Each theory offers a unique perspective on how states interact with each other and how global events unfold.

Realism, which emphasizes the importance of power and security in international relations, has been evident in several historical events since 1991. One example is the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies. This event can be seen through a realist lens as a demonstration of power and the pursuit of national security interests. Another example is the ongoing conflict in Syria, where realist principles of power politics and national interest have played a significant role in shaping the actions of various states involved in the conflict. Additionally, the annexation of Crimea by Russia in 2014 can also be viewed through a realist perspective, as it reflects Russia's pursuit of its national security interests and projection of power in the region.

Liberalism, which emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and institutions, has also been evident in the period from 1991 to the present. The establishment of the European Union and the adoption of the euro as a common currency can be seen as a manifestation of liberal principles, as it represents a commitment to economic and political cooperation among European states. The signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change in 2015 is another example of liberalism in action, as it reflects a collective effort by states to address a global challenge through multilateral cooperation. Additionally, the expansion of free trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), demonstrates the liberal belief in the benefits of economic interdependence and cooperation.

Constructivism, which emphasizes the role of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping international relations, has also been evident in the period from 1991 to the present. The global movement for LGBTQ rights and the legalization of same-sex marriage in several countries can be seen as a reflection of changing social norms and identities, which have influenced state policies and international discourse on human rights. The Arab Spring uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa also reflect the impact of constructivist ideas, as they were driven by demands for political change and the assertion of new identities and narratives in the region. Additionally, the rise of social media and its role in shaping public opinion and mobilizing social movements around the world can be viewed through a constructivist lens, as it has influenced the spread of ideas and the formation of new social identities.

In conclusion, the application of realism, liberalism, and constructivism has been evident in various historical events from 1991 to the present, shaping the behavior of states and the dynamics of international relations. These theories offer valuable insights into the complex and multifaceted nature of global politics, and their interplay continues to influence the course of world events.