Question 1

A strong current of skepticism developed in late seventeenth-century Europe, whose adherents asserted that:

Accepted Answer

A)  one should believe in nothing. 
B)  all beliefs are relative, varying in time, place, and culture. 
C)  the only certain knowledge was to be found in science. 
D)  only a pessimistic outlook was realistic. 
A)  one should believe in nothing. 
B)  all beliefs are relative, varying in time, place, and culture. 
C)  the only certain knowledge was to be found in science. 
D)  only a pessimistic outlook was realistic.

Question 2

What were some practical applications of the new scientific knowledge that contributed to European ascendancy, both militarily and economically?

Accepted Answer

Some practical applications of the new s

Question 3

The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century had repercussions far beyond the realm of pure science as:

Accepted Answer

A)  it changed European ideas about religion, God, nature, and the human experience. 
B)  it demonstrated that the physical universe may lack order and harmony. 
C)  it laid a foundation for belief in absolutist institutions. 
D)  it reduced man to an insignificant role in the universe. 
A)  it changed European ideas about religion, God, nature, and the human experience. 
B)  it demonstrated that the physical universe may lack order and harmony. 
C)  it laid a foundation for belief in absolutist institutions. 
D)  it reduced man to an insignificant role in the universe.

Question 4

In the inductive method of inquiry, we proceed from the:

Accepted Answer

A)  particular to the general. 
B)  abstract to the concrete. 
C)  theoretical to the empirical. 
D)  observable to the experiential. 
A)  particular to the general. 
B)  abstract to the concrete. 
C)  theoretical to the empirical. 
D)  observable to the experiential.

Question 5

Explain and contrast the method of deductive reasoning widely practiced in the Middle Ages with the inductive approach to the study of knowledge championed by Bacon and others.

Accepted Answer

In the Middle Ages, deductive reasoning

Question 6

What was the Newtonian system?

Accepted Answer

The Newtonian system, also known as Newt

Question 7

Describe the traditional view of the cosmos based on the thinking of Aristotle and Ptolemy. How did the seventeenth-century scientific revolution change the traditional view?

Accepted Answer

The traditional view of the cosmos, as p

Question 8

In the context of the Scientific Revolution, which of the following led to the greatest spiritual readjustment that human beings were required to make?

Accepted Answer

A)  The new astronomy and physics 
B)  The thought that humans were the center of creation 
C)  The discovery that the cosmos was ranked in an ascending order of purity 
D)  The shift away from the philosophy of natural law 
A)  The new astronomy and physics 
B)  The thought that humans were the center of creation 
C)  The discovery that the cosmos was ranked in an ascending order of purity 
D)  The shift away from the philosophy of natural law

Question 9

Thomas Hobbes, the leading secular exponent of absolutism, argued that absolutism:

Accepted Answer

A)  originated in a free and rational agreement between the monarchy and the people. 
B)  was necessary to produce civil peace and the rule of law. 
C)  was necessary to prevent chaos and anarchy. 
D)  All of these are correct. 
A)  originated in a free and rational agreement between the monarchy and the people. 
B)  was necessary to produce civil peace and the rule of law. 
C)  was necessary to prevent chaos and anarchy. 
D)  All of these are correct.

Question 10

Cartesian dualism held that there were two fundamental realities, _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  God and man 
B)  thinking substance and extended substance 
C)  animal and human 
D)  the earth and the rest of the universe 
A)  God and man 
B)  thinking substance and extended substance 
C)  animal and human 
D)  the earth and the rest of the universe

Question 11

In what ways did the new methodologies of observation and experimentation expand knowledge of the human body?

Accepted Answer

The new methodologies of observation and

Question 12

In the context of philosophy, which of the following is true of the similarities between the ideas of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes of good government?

Accepted Answer

A)  They both shared the idea that good government should be provided by divine Providence. 
B)  They both shared the idea that good government is an expedient of human purpose. 
C)  They both shared the idea that good government should be inherited by a national tradition. 
D)  They both shared the idea that good government should be favorable to an absolute power. 
A)  They both shared the idea that good government should be provided by divine Providence. 
B)  They both shared the idea that good government is an expedient of human purpose. 
C)  They both shared the idea that good government should be inherited by a national tradition. 
D)  They both shared the idea that good government should be favorable to an absolute power.

Question 13

Which of the following is a true statement about the Europeans in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Accepted Answer

A)  They were the first people to know the whole globe. 
B)  They were the first people to encourage old cultures beyond the oceans. 
C)  They were the first people to assimilate the cultures of indigenous societies of Africa. 
D)  They were the first people to engage in peaceful trading around most of the world. 
A)  They were the first people to know the whole globe. 
B)  They were the first people to encourage old cultures beyond the oceans. 
C)  They were the first people to assimilate the cultures of indigenous societies of Africa. 
D)  They were the first people to engage in peaceful trading around most of the world.

Question 14

What were the main assumptions of natural law philosophy?

Accepted Answer

Natural law philosophy is a moral and le

Question 15

Newton's law of universal gravitation relied upon his invention of:

Accepted Answer

A)  algebra. 
B)  coordinate geometry. 
C)  calculus. 
D)  ballistics. 
A)  algebra. 
B)  coordinate geometry. 
C)  calculus. 
D)  ballistics.

Question 16

Discuss the implications of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution for European society. Why did it help form the basis for the concepts of progress and optimism?

Accepted Answer

The seventeenth-century scientific revol

Question 17

Discuss the contributions of Bacon and Descartes to modern thought. Did their thinking contain any important weaknesses or gaps?

Accepted Answer

Francis Bacon and René Descartes made si

Question 18

The great Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci was also a great scientific thinker, yet his work had no influence on the course of later scientific thought because:

Accepted Answer

A)  he devoted himself almost exclusively to theory and never experimented. 
B)  the Roman Catholic Inquisition suppressed his findings. 
C)  his flashes of genius and insight were mixed with fantasy and unscientific theorizing. 
D)  he did not publish his scientific ideas. 
A)  he devoted himself almost exclusively to theory and never experimented. 
B)  the Roman Catholic Inquisition suppressed his findings. 
C)  his flashes of genius and insight were mixed with fantasy and unscientific theorizing. 
D)  he did not publish his scientific ideas.

Question 19

In his Letter on Toleration, famous English thinker John Locke advocated an established church and toleration of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Jews. 
B)  Roman Catholics. 
C)  atheists. 
D)  All of these are correct. 
A)  Jews. 
B)  Roman Catholics. 
C)  atheists. 
D)  All of these are correct.

Question 20

The philosophy of natural law contends that:

Accepted Answer

A)  there exists a universal law that distinguishes right from wrong. 
B)  right is universal and natural. 
C)  right exists outside and above all people. 
D)  All of these are correct. 
A)  there exists a universal law that distinguishes right from wrong. 
B)  right is universal and natural. 
C)  right exists outside and above all people. 
D)  All of these are correct.

Exam 6: The Scientific View of the World

A strong current of skepticism developed in late seventeenth-century Europe, whose adherents asserted that:

What were some practical applications of the new scientific knowledge that contributed to European ascendancy, both militarily and economically?

The scientific revolution of the seventeenth century had repercussions far beyond the realm of pure science as:

In the inductive method of inquiry, we proceed from the:

Explain and contrast the method of deductive reasoning widely practiced in the Middle Ages with the inductive approach to the study of knowledge championed by Bacon and others.

What was the Newtonian system?

Describe the traditional view of the cosmos based on the thinking of Aristotle and Ptolemy. How did the seventeenth-century scientific revolution change the traditional view?

In the context of the Scientific Revolution, which of the following led to the greatest spiritual readjustment that human beings were required to make?

Thomas Hobbes, the leading secular exponent of absolutism, argued that absolutism:

Cartesian dualism held that there were two fundamental realities, _____.

In what ways did the new methodologies of observation and experimentation expand knowledge of the human body?

In the context of philosophy, which of the following is true of the similarities between the ideas of John Locke and Thomas Hobbes of good government?

Which of the following is a true statement about the Europeans in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

What were the main assumptions of natural law philosophy?

Newton's law of universal gravitation relied upon his invention of:

Discuss the implications of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution for European society. Why did it help form the basis for the concepts of progress and optimism?

Discuss the contributions of Bacon and Descartes to modern thought. Did their thinking contain any important weaknesses or gaps?

The great Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci was also a great scientific thinker, yet his work had no influence on the course of later scientific thought because:

In his Letter on Toleration, famous English thinker John Locke advocated an established church and toleration of:

The philosophy of natural law contends that:

The Rise of Europe

The Upheaval in Western Christendom, 1300-1560

The Atlantic World, Commerce, and Wars of Religion, 1560-1648

The Growing Power of Western Europe, 1640-1715

The Transformation of Eastern Europe, 1648-1740

The Global Struggle for Wealth and Empire

The Age of Enlightenment

The French Revolution

Napoleonic Europe

Industries, Ideas, and the Struggle for Reform, 1815-1848

Revolutions and the Reimposition of Order, 1848-1870

The Consolidation of Large Nation-States, 1859-1871

Europes Economic and Political Ascendancy, 1871-1914

European Society and Culture, 1871-1914

Europes Colonial Empires and Global Dominance, 1871-1914

The First World War

The Russian Revolution and the Emergence of the Soviet Union

Democracy, Anti-Imperialism, and the Economic Crisis After the First World War

Democracy and Dictatorship in the 1930s

The Second World War

The Cold War and Reconstruction After the Second World War

Decolonization and the Breakup of the European Empires

Coexistence, Confrontation, and the New European Economy

The International Revolt Against Soviet Communism

Europe and the Changing Modern World

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