Exam 12: Equal Protection

Desegregation is the process by which the policies and effects of exclusion and separation are reversed and corrected.

What constitutional standard of review currently applies to race-based affirmative action policies sponsored by the federal government and which case is responsible for this standard?

In which case can the following quotation be found? "[T]he legislation and histories of the times, and the language used in the Declaration of Independence, show, that neither the class of persons who had been imported as slaves, nor their descendants, whether they had become free or not, were then acknowledged as a part of the people, nor intended to be included in the general words used in that memorable instrument . . ."

Court have upheld the Civil Rights Act of 1964 based on authority granted to Congress in Article I of the Constitution involving interstate commerce.

Which of the following is NOT considered a fundamental right under the Constitution?

The Fourteenth Amendment provides an enforcement clause in Section 5 that allows Congress to pass legislation to enforce the Equal Protection Clause.

Is the federal government obligated to avoid denying persons the equal protection of the law? Why or why not?

Based on the readings, in which classification has the Court placed sexual-orientation?

In Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010), the U.S. Supreme Court held that political spending is protected under the First Amendment, meaning corporations and unions could spend unlimited amounts of money on political activities, as long as it was done independently of a party or candidate. How does the Citizens United case affect the right to vote?

Which of the following was NOT used to discuss the evolution of constitutional standards for reviewing sex-based discrimination?

What did the U.S. Supreme Court decide in Brown v. Board of Education (1955) also known as Brown II?

In Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000), the U.S. Court refused to apply a New Jersey civil rights law to require the Boy Scouts to retain a homosexual troop leader because the Court concluded that it would violate the organization's right to the freedom of ________.

What did the U.S. Supreme Court decide in United States v. Virginia (1996), also known as the VMI case?

In United States v. Virginia, who wrote the majority opinion to describe the type of interest the State would have to demonstrate in order to uphold its form of discrimination?

What is the term that describes the process of drawing or redrawing geographic boundaries for electoral districts based on a particular motive, such as reelecting the incumbent, including or excluding minority voters, or increasing political party control?

The Privileges or Immunities Clause prohibits states from denying persons the privileges or immunities of American ________.

The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified before the Civil War.

Match the federal civil rights legislation or constitutional provision to its description . -Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1967)

The constitutional guarantee that "No state shall … deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws" is found in the ________ Amendment.

What piece of civil rights legislation was at issue in Tennessee v. Lane (2004)?