Exam 18: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages

The first scientist to theorize the past presence of glaciers in Europe was ____________.

Glacial ice exhibits ____________ behavior near the top,but ____________ behavior beneath a depth of 60 m.

An angular peak surrounded by three or more bowl-shaped depressions formed by a mountain glacier is termed a(n)____________.

Mars has polar ice caps that differ from the Earth's Antarctic ice cap in that ____________.

Walking across an Antarctic ice sheet during winter would not be very treacherous,because icy surfaces are not slippery if the temperature is well below freezing.

Cirques and horns are features associated with ____________.

That periodic changes in Earth's orbital eccentricity and magnitude,as well as in the direction (precession)of Earth's axial tilt,affect the advance and retreat of ice sheets was first proposed by ____________.

Stratified,sorted sand and gravel are deposited by ____________.

Sediments deposited directly by glaciers as they melt are termed ____________.

An intermediate product in the transformation of snow to glacial ice is ___________.

Ice is a substance with a high albedo,which means it ____________.

Advance and retreat of massive glacial ice sheets during glacial episodes is a simple function of incident sunlight.Glacial behavior can be modeled precisely by considering only Milankovitch orbital variation and variable solar output.

A glacier will always advance from its source area if the rate of accumulation is greater than the rate of ____________.

Cape Cod,Massachusetts,and Long Island,New York,are both examples of Pleistocene glacial ____________ that have been further built up by wave-deposited sands.

Areas on the southern margins of the continental glaciers of the northern hemisphere were much ____________ during Plio-Pleistocene glaciations than they are today,as suggested by evidence of large ____________ during this time.

Today,continental glaciers are limited to Antarctica and ____________.

Given the modern continental configuration,it is much easier for large continental ice sheets to become established in the ____________ hemisphere than in the ____________ hemisphere.

A remnant ridge separating two bowl-shaped depressions formed by a mountain glacier is termed a(n)____________.

An important long-term factor determining whether glacial ice will form on the continents has likely been the proportion of which gas in the atmosphere?

Two mountain glaciers merge their flows in a glacial valley.Prior to their merger,each possessed two lateral moraines and no medial moraines.As a result of a merger,the new larger glacier in the valley will possess ____________.