Question 1

Cross-sectional studies

Accepted Answer

A)  follow disease-free participants over a long time period. 
B)  follow participants with a disease over a long time period. 
C)  are also called longitudinal. 
D)  compare participants of at least two different age groups or developmental periods. 
A)  follow disease-free participants over a long time period. 
B)  follow participants with a disease over a long time period. 
C)  are also called longitudinal. 
D)  compare participants of at least two different age groups or developmental periods. D

Question 2

If two variables increase or decrease together,they are

Accepted Answer

A)  positively correlated. 
B)  negatively correlated. 
C)  positively skewed. 
D)  negatively skewed. 
A)  positively correlated. 
B)  negatively correlated. 
C)  positively skewed. 
D)  negatively skewed. A

Question 3

Which of these statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Placebo effects can influence both psychological and physical disorders. 
B)  Valuable research is done by people outside the scientific community, but scientists try to discount the importance of this research. 
C)  Scientific breakthroughs happen every day. 
D)  Experimental rather than observational research is required to learn about patterns of disease. 
A)  Placebo effects can influence both psychological and physical disorders. 
B)  Valuable research is done by people outside the scientific community, but scientists try to discount the importance of this research. 
C)  Scientific breakthroughs happen every day. 
D)  Experimental rather than observational research is required to learn about patterns of disease. A

Question 4

Most health-related evidence

Accepted Answer

A)  is the result of a variety of research methods. 
B)  has been discovered accidentally. 
C)  is withheld from the general public to avoid widespread panic. 
D)  comes from the results of experimental designs. 
A)  is the result of a variety of research methods. 
B)  has been discovered accidentally. 
C)  is withheld from the general public to avoid widespread panic. 
D)  comes from the results of experimental designs.

Question 5

Psychologists and epidemiologists would agree that which type of study is the most desirable design,the "gold standard" of scientific research?

Accepted Answer

A)  case-control study 
B)  randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial 
C)  natural experiment 
D)  correlational study 
A)  case-control study 
B)  randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial 
C)  natural experiment 
D)  correlational study

Question 6

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of longitudinal studies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Longitudinal studies are a comparison of two separate groups. 
B)  Longitudinal studies tend to be time consuming. 
C)  Longitudinal studies frequently require a team of researchers 
D)  Longitudinal studies are prospective designs 
A)  Longitudinal studies are a comparison of two separate groups. 
B)  Longitudinal studies tend to be time consuming. 
C)  Longitudinal studies frequently require a team of researchers 
D)  Longitudinal studies are prospective designs

Question 7

Reliability means

Accepted Answer

A)  accuracy. 
B)  structure. 
C)  validity. 
D)  consistency. 
A)  accuracy. 
B)  structure. 
C)  validity. 
D)  consistency.

Question 8

A prospective study begins with a group of participants who have a given condition or disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

A positive correlation between physical health and education would indicate that as education __________,physical health ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  decreases, decreases 
B)  decreases, increases 
C)  increases, decreases 
D)  increases, increases 
A)  decreases, decreases 
B)  decreases, increases 
C)  increases, decreases 
D)  increases, increases

Question 10

For a treatment to be considered effective,the treatment must show an equal rate of effectiveness when compared to a placebo.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

A useful theory should generate,organize,and guide research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A study that allows participants to choose whether they are in the experimental condition or the control condition is committing the problem of self-selection.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Placebos can be beneficial in treating many conditions EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  depression 
B)  hypertension 
C)  insomnia 
D)  broken bones 
A)  depression 
B)  hypertension 
C)  insomnia 
D)  broken bones

Question 14

Researchers want to examine whether writing about the experience of breast cancer increases feelings of hope and optimism.Breast-cancer patients were randomly assigned to one of two essay conditions: writing about their breast cancer or writing about their everyday tasks.The independent variable in this experiment would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  hope and optimism 
B)  breast cancer diagnosis 
C)  writing about everyday tasks 
D)  the essay conditions 
A)  hope and optimism 
B)  breast cancer diagnosis 
C)  writing about everyday tasks 
D)  the essay conditions

Question 15

Retrospective studies begin with a group of people who already have a disease or disorder.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Small correlations,for example 0.08 or 0.10,

Accepted Answer

A)  may be statistically significant. 
B)  cannot be statistically significant. 
C)  indicate cause and effect between the two correlated variables. 
D)  both a and c 
A)  may be statistically significant. 
B)  cannot be statistically significant. 
C)  indicate cause and effect between the two correlated variables. 
D)  both a and c

Question 17

A statistical technique for combining the results of several studies is

Accepted Answer

A)  meta-analysis. 
B)  transactional analysis. 
C)  hypothesis testing. 
D)  scientific myopia. 
A)  meta-analysis. 
B)  transactional analysis. 
C)  hypothesis testing. 
D)  scientific myopia.

Question 18

Prevalence of an illness refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  the proportion of the population that has a disease at a specific time. 
B)  the number of new cases of a disease in a year. 
C)  the percentage of new cases of a disease in a year. 
D)  the percentage of total deaths caused by a disease in one year. 
A)  the proportion of the population that has a disease at a specific time. 
B)  the number of new cases of a disease in a year. 
C)  the percentage of new cases of a disease in a year. 
D)  the percentage of total deaths caused by a disease in one year.

Question 19

Placebos have been known to help

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce insomnia. 
B)  decrease low back pain. 
C)  lower high blood pressure. 
D)  bowel movements. 
A)  reduce insomnia. 
B)  decrease low back pain. 
C)  lower high blood pressure. 
D)  bowel movements.

Question 20

The number of new cases of AIDS per year reveals the incidence of that disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Cross-sectional studies

If two variables increase or decrease together,they are

Which of these statements is true?

Most health-related evidence

Psychologists and epidemiologists would agree that which type of study is the most desirable design,the "gold standard" of scientific research?

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of longitudinal studies?

Reliability means

A prospective study begins with a group of participants who have a given condition or disease.

A positive correlation between physical health and education would indicate that as education ,physical health ____.

For a treatment to be considered effective,the treatment must show an equal rate of effectiveness when compared to a placebo.

A useful theory should generate,organize,and guide research.

A study that allows participants to choose whether they are in the experimental condition or the control condition is committing the problem of self-selection.

Placebos can be beneficial in treating many conditions EXCEPT:

Retrospective studies begin with a group of people who already have a disease or disorder.

Small correlations,for example 0.08 or 0.10,

A statistical technique for combining the results of several studies is

Prevalence of an illness refers to

Placebos have been known to help

The number of new cases of AIDS per year reveals the incidence of that disease.

Introducing Health Psychology

Seeking and Receiving Health Care

Adhering to Healthy Behavior

Defining, Measuring, and Managing Stress

Understanding Stress, Immunity, and Disease

Understanding and Managing Pain

Considering Alternative Approaches

Behavioral Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

Behavioral Factors in Cancer

Living With Chronic Illness

Smoking Tobacco

Using Alcohol and Other Drugs

Eating and Weight

Exercising

Future Challenges

Filters

Exam 2: Conducting Health Research

Cross-sectional studies

If two variables increase or decrease together,they are

Which of these statements is true?

Most health-related evidence

Psychologists and epidemiologists would agree that which type of study is the most desirable design,the "gold standard" of scientific research?

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of longitudinal studies?

Reliability means

A prospective study begins with a group of participants who have a given condition or disease.

A positive correlation between physical health and education would indicate that as education __________,physical health ______________.

For a treatment to be considered effective,the treatment must show an equal rate of effectiveness when compared to a placebo.

A useful theory should generate,organize,and guide research.

A study that allows participants to choose whether they are in the experimental condition or the control condition is committing the problem of self-selection.

Placebos can be beneficial in treating many conditions EXCEPT:

Retrospective studies begin with a group of people who already have a disease or disorder.

Small correlations,for example 0.08 or 0.10,

A statistical technique for combining the results of several studies is

Prevalence of an illness refers to

Placebos have been known to help

The number of new cases of AIDS per year reveals the incidence of that disease.

Introducing Health Psychology

Seeking and Receiving Health Care

Adhering to Healthy Behavior

Defining, Measuring, and Managing Stress

Understanding Stress, Immunity, and Disease

Understanding and Managing Pain

Considering Alternative Approaches

Behavioral Factors in Cardiovascular Disease

Behavioral Factors in Cancer

Living With Chronic Illness

Smoking Tobacco

Using Alcohol and Other Drugs

Eating and Weight

Exercising

Future Challenges

Filters

A positive correlation between physical health and education would indicate that as education ,physical health ____.