Chat with AIExam 17: Urbanization
______ refers to the often uneven development of social,political,and economic relationships that stretch worldwide.
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VerifiedC
Discuss Ferdinand Tönnies's concepts of a gemeinschaft and gesellschaft.Define each concept and discuss how relationships are formed and social order is maintained in each type of social arrangement.
(37) VerifiedGerman sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies was interested in identifying the consequences of mass urbanization and the relational forms emerging in the new urban social order.In his famous text Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft,originally published in 1887,Tönnies (1957)outlines two basic organizing principles of social relationships and institutions.He associates these "ideal types" loosely with towns and cities and understands them as stages in the evolution of human society.The first stage is gemeinschaft,or "communal association." This is the traditional,rural settlement with a homogeneous population in which everyone knows all the other residents and their biographies.Relationships are intimate and enduring,and interactions are guided by a mutual interest in the common good of the village.Because kinship,community,and religion unite individuals,the shared traditions and culture of the village,in addition to religious beliefs,function as the main instruments of social control.
At the other end of the continuum,or the next stage in human social development,is gesellschaft,or "societal association." This is the modern city in which "rational self-interest" or individualism eclipses community interests.Relationships are no longer steeped in sentiment but instead are primarily associational and based on calculating,economic exchanges.Given the heterogeneous populations of emerging cities,residents no longer share language,religion,and traditions,and behavior and interaction are governed by external forces like the evolving criminal justice system.For Tönnies,the process of urbanization was inseparable from the parallel process of industrialization.Together these forces erode social bonds and weaken the family unit,which he saw as a vital component of a healthy society.
The phrase "survival of the fittest" was coined by ______.
(32) VerifiedD
While cities occupy only 2% of land globally,they are responsible for emitting up to 70% of all harmful greenhouse gases.
(35) Discuss Ernest Burgess's concentric-zone model of urban development.Then compare and contrast it with Homer Hoyt's sector model,as well as multiple nuclei theory.
(35) The conformity of individuals to explicit and implicit social rules of behavior is called ______.
(28) ______ is the practice of physically separating the occupants of some social statuses from the occupants of others.
(37) ______ is considered a worldwide problem that everyone is affected by,although not everyone is affected by it to the same degree.
(33) Which of the following major theoretical perspectives is most likely to describe cities as "superorganisms"?
(32) Per capita global greenhouse gas emission rates are often lower in cities than the average rates for the countries in which they are located.
(33) According to the concentric-zone model of urban land use,the ______ is the commercial,office,transportation,and cultural center of a city where land values are typically highest.
(36) ______ is the process by which cities,suburbs,and metropolitan areas develop and grow over time.
(36) Individuals who do not know each other on a personal basis or who have never met are known as ______ strangers.
(30) It was the contention of ______ that people in cities develop defense mechanisms to deal with the fact of living in close physical contact with a large number of strangers.
(36) Discuss Manuel Castells's perspective on urban development.In what ways,according to Castells,does the city operate as a profit-generating machine that reproduces capitalism?
(45) Asians and Latinos are now the largest racial and ethnic minority populations in the United States.
(37) The hazardous effects of overcrowding and air pollution date back to the ______ century,through the work of ______.
(29) Locations that serve social needs beyond work and home life are known as ______.
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