Question 1

Which of the following is true about the peopling of the Pacific?

Accepted Answer

A)  The earliest-known settlement in Polynesia occurred sometime between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago. 
B)  Navigation skills played an important role in the peopling of the Pacific. 
C)  Humans may have reached as far as the Galapagos more than 30,000 years ago. 
D)  Australia appears to have served as an initial point of expansion, via outrigger canoe, to Samoa and eventually Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island. 
E)  Once humans reached the Pacific, they did not settle there but moved on to the western coast of South America. 
A)  The earliest-known settlement in Polynesia occurred sometime between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago. 
B)  Navigation skills played an important role in the peopling of the Pacific. 
C)  Humans may have reached as far as the Galapagos more than 30,000 years ago. 
D)  Australia appears to have served as an initial point of expansion, via outrigger canoe, to Samoa and eventually Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island. 
E)  Once humans reached the Pacific, they did not settle there but moved on to the western coast of South America.

Question 2

The stone-tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic were based primarily on blade tools which, compared to those of the Mousterian, are faster to make and are better at maximizing the amount of cutting edge from the same amount of stone.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Although there is evidence now that several human groups colonized the Americas, possibly using different routes, those that crossed over through Beringia to reach the Americas did so

Accepted Answer

A)  because they were fleeing from warlike Cro-Magnon groups. 
B)  in order to take advantage of large flint deposits in South America. 
C)  following herds of big-game animals (woolly mammoths, especially). 
D)  because they were gradually forced into new territories by the expansion of more advanced agricultural groups in Asia. 
E)  in their search for colder climates, because these were Neandertals adapted to cold weather. 
A)  because they were fleeing from warlike Cro-Magnon groups. 
B)  in order to take advantage of large flint deposits in South America. 
C)  following herds of big-game animals (woolly mammoths, especially). 
D)  because they were gradually forced into new territories by the expansion of more advanced agricultural groups in Asia. 
E)  in their search for colder climates, because these were Neandertals adapted to cold weather.

Question 4

All of the following characterized the changeover from the Mousterian to the Upper Paleolithic EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  growth in Homo's total population and geographic range. 
B)  an increase in the number of distinct tool types, reflecting functional specialization. 
C)  marked social and economic stratification among members of a society. 
D)  increasing local cultural diversity as people specialized in particular economic activities. 
E)  increasing standardization in tool manufacture. 
A)  growth in Homo's total population and geographic range. 
B)  an increase in the number of distinct tool types, reflecting functional specialization. 
C)  marked social and economic stratification among members of a society. 
D)  increasing local cultural diversity as people specialized in particular economic activities. 
E)  increasing standardization in tool manufacture.

Question 5

Climate change and human evolution and expansion are intimately related. Give specific examples of this relationship. Consider the current concern with climate change. How might humans adapt to the impending environmental changes that such climate change is already making felt around the world?

Accepted Answer

Climate change has had a significant imp

Question 6

Most researchers today no longer believe that the Upper Paleolithic cave paintings were ritualistic; rather, they argue that these paintings were used to decorate domestic residences.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

During the Upper Paleolithic, the hominin range

Accepted Answer

A)  was limited to Europe and Africa prior to the anatomically modern humans' stage of human evolution. 
B)  moved away from the coasts because of natural disasters like flood and drought. 
C)  reached its territorial maximum by 50,000 B.P. 
D)  expanded to its maximum when Neandertal foragers entered the New World. 
E)  expanded significantly, in large part due to Homo's increasing reliance on cultural means of adaptation. 
A)  was limited to Europe and Africa prior to the anatomically modern humans' stage of human evolution. 
B)  moved away from the coasts because of natural disasters like flood and drought. 
C)  reached its territorial maximum by 50,000 B.P. 
D)  expanded to its maximum when Neandertal foragers entered the New World. 
E)  expanded significantly, in large part due to Homo's increasing reliance on cultural means of adaptation.

Question 8

In 1997, ancient DNA was extracted from one of the Neandertal bones originally found in Germany's Neandertal Valley in 1856. This was the first time that the DNA of a premodern human has been recovered. When comparing this DNA with that of modern humans, the researchers found

Accepted Answer

A)  27 differences between the two, many more than would be expected in closely related humans, suggesting that there may have been little interbreeding between Neandertals and the direct ancestors to modern humans. 
B)  only 5 to 8 differences between the two, as is typical of closely related humans, placing Neandertals within modern humans' direct line of descent. 
C)  many more mutations in the Neandertal DNA, suggesting that the species had been around 100,000 years longer than previously estimated. 
D)  no differences, since Neandertals and modern humans are the same species. 
E)  that the two samples were not comparable, since the Neandertal DNA was molecularly different from the DNA of the reference sample. 
A)  27 differences between the two, many more than would be expected in closely related humans, suggesting that there may have been little interbreeding between Neandertals and the direct ancestors to modern humans. 
B)  only 5 to 8 differences between the two, as is typical of closely related humans, placing Neandertals within modern humans' direct line of descent. 
C)  many more mutations in the Neandertal DNA, suggesting that the species had been around 100,000 years longer than previously estimated. 
D)  no differences, since Neandertals and modern humans are the same species. 
E)  that the two samples were not comparable, since the Neandertal DNA was molecularly different from the DNA of the reference sample.

Question 9

Unlike the Mousterian technology, which had many different kinds of stone tools, the tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic included only a few different kinds of implements.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

22. How did modern humans take advantage of global climate change to expand their range?

Accepted Answer

A)  During major glacials, with so much water frozen in ice, land bridges formed, aiding human colonization of new areas, such as Australia by 46,000 B.P. and the Americas perhaps by 18,000 B.P. 
B)  During interglacial periods the seas rose, encouraging human exploration of the oceans, such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P. 
C)  Warmer periods forced people to adapt their diets to a smaller range of staples, forcing them to move to ensure that these staples remained part of their diet, such as the case of the colonization of Sahul by 50,000 years ago. 
D)  During major glacials, with so much of the earth's soils too frozen for agriculture, humans had to turn to hunting and foraging, which in turn forced them to be on the move once they depleted an area of its food resources. 
E)  During interglacial periods the sea levels dropped, encouraging human exploration along the coasts, leading to unexpected discoveries such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P. 
A)  During major glacials, with so much water frozen in ice, land bridges formed, aiding human colonization of new areas, such as Australia by 46,000 B.P. and the Americas perhaps by 18,000 B.P. 
B)  During interglacial periods the seas rose, encouraging human exploration of the oceans, such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P. 
C)  Warmer periods forced people to adapt their diets to a smaller range of staples, forcing them to move to ensure that these staples remained part of their diet, such as the case of the colonization of Sahul by 50,000 years ago. 
D)  During major glacials, with so much of the earth's soils too frozen for agriculture, humans had to turn to hunting and foraging, which in turn forced them to be on the move once they depleted an area of its food resources. 
E)  During interglacial periods the sea levels dropped, encouraging human exploration along the coasts, leading to unexpected discoveries such as the case of the Pacific islands from Asia by 46,000 B.P.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a general trend in hominin evolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  a greater reliance on cultural means of adaptation 
B)  an increase in the quantity and quality of tools 
C)  an increase in cranial capacity 
D)  a greater reliance on biological means of adaptation 
E)  population growth 
A)  a greater reliance on cultural means of adaptation 
B)  an increase in the quantity and quality of tools 
C)  an increase in cranial capacity 
D)  a greater reliance on biological means of adaptation 
E)  population growth

Question 12

Some authors attribute the rise of modern human behavior more to increasing social competition than to population increase or a mutation that led to reconfigurations of the brain.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

What does the advent of behavioral modernity refer to?

Accepted Answer

A)  when early anatomically modern humans became fully human in behavior (relying on symbolic thought and elaborating cultural creativity) as well as in anatomy 
B)  when hominids became hominins 
C)  the beginning of a truly civilized and sedentary life, achieved 10,000 years ago 
D)  when early anatomically modern humans began to manipulate fire 
E)  the beginning of life beyond the forest and in the open grasslands 
A)  when early anatomically modern humans became fully human in behavior (relying on symbolic thought and elaborating cultural creativity) as well as in anatomy 
B)  when hominids became hominins 
C)  the beginning of a truly civilized and sedentary life, achieved 10,000 years ago 
D)  when early anatomically modern humans began to manipulate fire 
E)  the beginning of life beyond the forest and in the open grasslands

Question 14

Recent recalibration of radiocarbon dating has dismissed the previously held belief that Neandertals and anatomically modern humans coexisted in time and place.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

What species is associated with the broad-spectrum revolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  robust australopithecines 
B)  Neanderthals 
C)  anatomically modern humans 
D)  archaic Homo sapiens 
E)  Homo erectus 
A)  robust australopithecines 
B)  Neanderthals 
C)  anatomically modern humans 
D)  archaic Homo sapiens 
E)  Homo erectus

Question 16

Discuss the Neandertals' dating and geographic distributions. Review and evaluate the various positions that have been taken in interpreting the relationship between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans.

Accepted Answer

The dating and geographic distribution o

Question 17

When and how was Australia settled?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fossil evidence from Lake Mungo in New South Wales suggests that Australia was settled as early as 100,000 years ago by Melanesian settlers who crossed the exposed land bridges connecting the Pacific islands. 
B)  An interglacial period around 70,000 B.P. allowed the seafaring people of Tasmania to navigate to the Australian mainland. 
C)  A glacial period around 50,000 B.P. exposed a land bridge connecting Asia and Australia, making it possible for humans to cross over on foot. 
D)  Humans crossed the narrow straits separating Asia and the then continent of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania), perhaps in primitive watercraft, around 50,000 B.P. 
E)  Fossil evidence from Lake Mungo in New South Wales suggests that Australia was settled around 50,000 B.P. by humans from Asia following big game. 
A)  Fossil evidence from Lake Mungo in New South Wales suggests that Australia was settled as early as 100,000 years ago by Melanesian settlers who crossed the exposed land bridges connecting the Pacific islands. 
B)  An interglacial period around 70,000 B.P. allowed the seafaring people of Tasmania to navigate to the Australian mainland. 
C)  A glacial period around 50,000 B.P. exposed a land bridge connecting Asia and Australia, making it possible for humans to cross over on foot. 
D)  Humans crossed the narrow straits separating Asia and the then continent of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania), perhaps in primitive watercraft, around 50,000 B.P. 
E)  Fossil evidence from Lake Mungo in New South Wales suggests that Australia was settled around 50,000 B.P. by humans from Asia following big game.

Question 18

Recent fossil finds from Ethiopia such as the Herto skulls (160,000-154,000 B.P.) and the Omo remains (estimated date 195,000 B.P.) provide accumulated evidence to support the

Accepted Answer

A)  Asia origin of broad-spectrum revolution. 
B)  idea that Neandertals originated in Africa and never left the continent. 
C)  African origin of anatomically modern humans (AMHs). 
D)  European origin of AMHs. 
E)  crucial role that the manipulation of fire played in the advent of behavioral modernity. 
A)  Asia origin of broad-spectrum revolution. 
B)  idea that Neandertals originated in Africa and never left the continent. 
C)  African origin of anatomically modern humans (AMHs). 
D)  European origin of AMHs. 
E)  crucial role that the manipulation of fire played in the advent of behavioral modernity.

Question 19

In 1987, a group of molecular geneticists at the University of California at Berkeley offered support for the idea that modern humans (AMHs) arose fairly recently in Africa, then spread out and colonized the world. The geneticists analyzed genetic markers in placentas donated by 147 women whose ancestors came from Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. By estimating the number of mutations that had taken place in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of each of these samples, the researchers concluded that

Accepted Answer

A)  everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed Eve) who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago and that her descendants left Africa no more than 135,000 years ago. 
B)  everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed Eve) who lived in Asia around 50,000 years ago and that her descendants left Asia 100,000 years ago. 
C)  establishing a "genetic clock" to model human evolution is reliable only when focusing on 50,000 years into the past. 
D)  everyone alive counts the Neandertal of western Europe as their ancestor. 
E)  Neandertals coexisted with modern humans in the Middle East for at least 2,000 years. 
A)  everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed Eve) who lived in sub-Saharan Africa around 200,000 years ago and that her descendants left Africa no more than 135,000 years ago. 
B)  everyone alive today has mtDNA that descends from a woman (dubbed Eve) who lived in Asia around 50,000 years ago and that her descendants left Asia 100,000 years ago. 
C)  establishing a "genetic clock" to model human evolution is reliable only when focusing on 50,000 years into the past. 
D)  everyone alive counts the Neandertal of western Europe as their ancestor. 
E)  Neandertals coexisted with modern humans in the Middle East for at least 2,000 years.

Question 20

Climate changes had a profound impact on the hominin way of life. In southwestern Europe, for example,

Accepted Answer

A)  the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period gradually pushed big game farther north, pressuring hominins to use a greater variety of foods. 
B)  hominins turned to a more specialized diet based on big-game meat after the glacial retreat. 
C)  hominins began a sedentary life after the end of the Würm glacial period, forming the first villages in human history. 
D)  the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period caused animal diversity to drop, challenging hominins to shift their diets from meat to coarse grasses. 
E)  hominins were forced to migrate northward during the Würm glacial interval. 
A)  the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period gradually pushed big game farther north, pressuring hominins to use a greater variety of foods. 
B)  hominins turned to a more specialized diet based on big-game meat after the glacial retreat. 
C)  hominins began a sedentary life after the end of the Würm glacial period, forming the first villages in human history. 
D)  the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period caused animal diversity to drop, challenging hominins to shift their diets from meat to coarse grasses. 
E)  hominins were forced to migrate northward during the Würm glacial interval.

Exam 10: The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans

Which of the following is true about the peopling of the Pacific?

The stone-tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic were based primarily on blade tools which, compared to those of the Mousterian, are faster to make and are better at maximizing the amount of cutting edge from the same amount of stone.

Although there is evidence now that several human groups colonized the Americas, possibly using different routes, those that crossed over through Beringia to reach the Americas did so

All of the following characterized the changeover from the Mousterian to the Upper Paleolithic EXCEPT

Climate change and human evolution and expansion are intimately related. Give specific examples of this relationship. Consider the current concern with climate change. How might humans adapt to the impending environmental changes that such climate change is already making felt around the world?

Most researchers today no longer believe that the Upper Paleolithic cave paintings were ritualistic; rather, they argue that these paintings were used to decorate domestic residences.

During the Upper Paleolithic, the hominin range

In 1997, ancient DNA was extracted from one of the Neandertal bones originally found in Germany's Neandertal Valley in 1856. This was the first time that the DNA of a premodern human has been recovered. When comparing this DNA with that of modern humans, the researchers found

Unlike the Mousterian technology, which had many different kinds of stone tools, the tool traditions of the Upper Paleolithic included only a few different kinds of implements.

22. How did modern humans take advantage of global climate change to expand their range?

Which of the following is NOT a general trend in hominin evolution?

Some authors attribute the rise of modern human behavior more to increasing social competition than to population increase or a mutation that led to reconfigurations of the brain.

What does the advent of behavioral modernity refer to?

Recent recalibration of radiocarbon dating has dismissed the previously held belief that Neandertals and anatomically modern humans coexisted in time and place.

What species is associated with the broad-spectrum revolution?

Discuss the Neandertals' dating and geographic distributions. Review and evaluate the various positions that have been taken in interpreting the relationship between Neandertals and anatomically modern humans.

When and how was Australia settled?

Recent fossil finds from Ethiopia such as the Herto skulls (160,000-154,000 B.P.) and the Omo remains (estimated date 195,000 B.P.) provide accumulated evidence to support the

Climate changes had a profound impact on the hominin way of life. In southwestern Europe, for example,

What Is Anthropology

Culture

Applying Anthropology

Doing Archaeology and Biological Anthropology

Evolution and Genetics

Human Variation and Adaptation

The Primates

Early Hominins

Archaic Homo

The First Farmers

The First Cities and States

Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology

Language and Communication

Ethnicity and Race

Making a Living

Political Systems

Gender

Families, Kinship, and Descent

Marriage

Religion

Arts, Media, and Sports

The World System and Colonialism

Anthropologys Role in a Globalizing World

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