Exam 7: Deviance

Civil disobedience is typically violent in nature.

Labeling theory holds that observations that society's underdogs engage in more deviance than their middle and upper class counterparts are invalid because the response of society to deviance is socially differential at every phase of the criminal justice system.

The data show that a black person found guilty of killing a white person is likely to receive the harsher sentence and punishment than a white person found guilty of killing a black person.

Durkheim believed that the true function of punishment was the prevention of future crimes.

Edward Banfield has examined deviance from a culture of poverty viewpoint. What are four of his claims about lower-class individuals?

________ theory asserts that through interaction and close association with deviants, one learns to be a criminal.

The tendency for secondary deviance is especially strong when the imposition of the label is accompanied by

Radical nonintervention would decriminalize all crimes.

The practice of ________ frees the government, the economy, and the systems of stratification, justice and education from blame or the need to change.

Social Darwinists propose that a person's placement in the stratification system is a function of ________.

If a person is found guilty of murder, the worst sentence occurs when the victim is _____ and the perpetrator is ____.

Recidivism is the reinvolvement of an ex-criminal in crime.

From the culture of poverty view, being black, poor, migrant, or uneducated increases a person's chances of being defined as criminal because of the structural and procedural characteristics of the judicial system.

Labeling approach maintains that the solution to deviance is to restructure society instead of rehabilitating criminals.

Solutions to deviance proposed by the biological theories are aimed at changing the individual, while solutions proposed by psychological theories are aimed at changing the system.

Discuss the reasons that results of studies of deviance do not mesh with our perceptions.

Radical nonintervention involves apprehending and labeling juvenile delinquents and placing them early into the criminal justice system.

Edwin Sutherland's theory of ________ proposes that pro-criminal sentiments are acquired by association with other individuals in a process of social interaction.

Because the rates of crime and mental illness vary by different social groups (class, ethnicity, race, place of residence, and sex), proponents of the ________ approach assume that social and cultural factors are operative in the emergence of delinquent patterns.

________ assume that the law and the state are often tools of the powerful used to keep them in power; the political order itself may be criminal because it can be unjust.