Question 1

Match between columns
                        Premises:  Oligodendrocytes
 Schwann cells
 Neurons
 Astrocytes
 Microglia

Accepted Answer

The Answer of central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous is...

Question 2

Experiments in which juvenile or adult barn owls are fitted with prisms that cause a mismatch between auditory and visual stimuli demonstrate that:

Accepted Answer

A)  owls that learned a task as juveniles can relearn it as adults, and novel tasks can still be learned in adulthood as long as training is more gradual. 
B)  neural plasticity-in this case, the ability to adjust the auditory map-is completely lost by the time the owls reach maturity. 
C)  owls that adjusted their auditory maps to large mismatches with the visual field as juveniles can still do so if fitted with prisms as adults. 
D)  naive adults fitted with prisms are able to adjust their auditory maps to large mismatches with the visual field. 
E)  naive adults fitted with prisms are able to adjust their auditory maps in small increments. 
A)  owls that learned a task as juveniles can relearn it as adults, and novel tasks can still be learned in adulthood as long as training is more gradual. 
B)  neural plasticity-in this case, the ability to adjust the auditory map-is completely lost by the time the owls reach maturity. 
C)  owls that adjusted their auditory maps to large mismatches with the visual field as juveniles can still do so if fitted with prisms as adults. 
D)  naive adults fitted with prisms are able to adjust their auditory maps to large mismatches with the visual field. 
E)  naive adults fitted with prisms are able to adjust their auditory maps in small increments. A

Question 3

Figure Q1-14 shows commonly used circuit motifs. Identify the type of circuit motif featured in each of the following examples.   Figure Q1-14
A. In the vertebrate retina, afferent neurons excite inhibitory interneurons that project onto the targets of their neighbors.
B. Sensory neurons relay somatosensory stimuli to the primary somatosensory cortex via nuclei in the brainstem and thalamus.
C. A class of cerebral cortical neurons inhibits other classes of inhibitory neurons in the brain, indirectly increasing the activity of final targets.
D. In the insect olfactory system, excitatory projection neuron axons project to two different brain structures, the mushroom body and the lateral horn.
E. In the vertebrate knee-jerk reflex, two parallel excitatory pathways inhibit each other via inhibitory neuron intermediates.

Accepted Answer

Lateral inhibition
B. Feedforward excitation
C. Disinhibition
D. Divergent excitation
E. Recurrent (cross) inhibition

Question 4

In the simple knee-jerk reflex circuit (Figure Q1-13):   Figure Q1-13

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory neuron connectivity exemplifies divergent excitation. 
B)  sensory neuron axons terminate directly on the extensor muscles to stimulate contraction. 
C)  sensory neurons form monosynaptic connections with the flexor motor neurons. 
D)  sensory neuron excitation stimulates contraction of the flexor muscle. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  sensory neuron connectivity exemplifies divergent excitation. 
B)  sensory neuron axons terminate directly on the extensor muscles to stimulate contraction. 
C)  sensory neurons form monosynaptic connections with the flexor motor neurons. 
D)  sensory neuron excitation stimulates contraction of the flexor muscle. 
E)  All of the above

Question 5

The human nervous system is often compared to a computer, but the analogy breaks down upon closer examination of the organization and function of both systems. What are some key differences between the nervous systems we evolved and the early computers we designed and built?
General Methodology

Accepted Answer

The human nervous system relies on massi

Question 6

Information is transmitted between neurons by:

Accepted Answer

A)  vesicular release, diffusion, and reception of molecules called neurotransmitters. 
B)  ion flow across gap junctions. 
C)  action potentials. 
D)  a and b 
E)  All of the above 
A)  vesicular release, diffusion, and reception of molecules called neurotransmitters. 
B)  ion flow across gap junctions. 
C)  action potentials. 
D)  a and b 
E)  All of the above

Question 7

Twin studies found the following correlation coefficients (r) for monozygotic (MZ) vs. dizygotic (DZ) twins: $\begin{array} { | l | l | l | } 
\hline& \mathrm { rMZ } & \mathrm { rDZ } \
\hline \text { Alcoholism (males) } & 0.4 & 0.21 \
\hline \text { Autism } & 0.65 & 0.1 \
\hline \text { Reading disability } & 0.75 & 0.45 \
\hline \text { Schizophrenia } & 0.5 & 0.19 \
\hline
\end{array}$ Data from Plomin R, Owen MJ & McGuffin P (1994) Science 264:1733-1739.
Which mental trait has the lowest heritability (contribution of genetic differences to trait differences)? Briefly explain your reasoning.

Accepted Answer

Heritability is calculated as the differ

Question 8

Match between columns
                        Premises: Neurons are unipolar, with one process bifurcating to form dendritic vs. axonal branches.
Axons often project to targets located far from the cell body.
Dendrites receive information via postsynaptic specializations.
The brain and spinal cord are located in the dorsal part of the body.
Motor information generally flows from the CNS to the periphery.

Accepted Answer

The Answer of invertebrate and vertebrate and both is...

Question 9

Early neuroscientists Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramón y Cajal famously espoused two opposing theories regarding the organization of the nervous system. Golgi believed in the reticular theory, in which nerve cells were physically linked by their processes to form a giant net. What experimental evidence supported the neuron doctrine instead?

Accepted Answer

Multiple lines of evidence provided supp

Question 10

Fill in each of the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase should be used only once.

* action potentials at all.
* all-or-none graded
* chemical inhibitory
* continuous non-spiking
* electrical receptor
* excitatory synaptic

An action potential is a(n) ______________ transient change in neuronal membrane potential. Another important form of intraneuronal communication is a(n) _____________ (or local) potential, referring to ____________ changes in membrane potential. One type is a(n) _____________ potential, which is produced in response to neurotransmitter release by presynaptic partners. The other type is a(n) _____________ potential, which can be induced at peripheral nerve endings by sensory stimuli. Regardless of the source, inputs can be either excitatory or inhibitory. _____________ inputs facilitate action potential production by the postsynaptic neuron, while _____________ inputs make it less likely. _____________ neurons do not fire

Accepted Answer

An action potential is a(n) all-or-none

Question 11

Arrange the following structures from the vertebrate CNS in order from anterior (rostral) to posterior (caudal):
pons, cervical spine, lumbar spine, medulla, sacral spine, midbrain, thoracic spine

Accepted Answer

midbrain, pons, medu

Question 12

In twin studies, 'environmental factors' are any factors not inherited from parents' DNA. These would include:

Accepted Answer

A)  methylation of fetal DNA due to smoking during pregnancy. 
B)  random mutation during early embryonic development. 
C)  availability of folic acid during pregnancy. 
D)  viral infection during pregnancy. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  methylation of fetal DNA due to smoking during pregnancy. 
B)  random mutation during early embryonic development. 
C)  availability of folic acid during pregnancy. 
D)  viral infection during pregnancy. 
E)  All of the above

Question 13

Figure Q1-15 shows the sensory and motor cortical homunculi in humans. In both cases:   Figure Q1-15

Accepted Answer

A)  the topographic map is distorted, with overrepresentation of heavily innervated body parts such as the hand and mouth. 
B)  each side of the brain processes information corresponding to the opposite side of the body. 
C)  the order of representation along the mediolateral axis roughly corresponds to that of the rostrocaudal body axis (reversed). 
D)  the functions of specific regions were defined using electrical stimulation of epilepsy patients. 
E)  All of the above 
A)  the topographic map is distorted, with overrepresentation of heavily innervated body parts such as the hand and mouth. 
B)  each side of the brain processes information corresponding to the opposite side of the body. 
C)  the order of representation along the mediolateral axis roughly corresponds to that of the rostrocaudal body axis (reversed). 
D)  the functions of specific regions were defined using electrical stimulation of epilepsy patients. 
E)  All of the above

Question 14

The intensity of a stimulus can be encoded by:

Accepted Answer

A)  the amplitude of action potentials in a neuron. 
B)  the frequency of action potentials in a neuron. 
C)  the amplitude of graded potentials in a neuron. 
D)  b and c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  the amplitude of action potentials in a neuron. 
B)  the frequency of action potentials in a neuron. 
C)  the amplitude of graded potentials in a neuron. 
D)  b and c 
E)  All of the above

Question 15

To understand which parts of the human nervous system are specialized for which specific functions, we can perform three basic classes of experiments: correlation, which tells us whether that part is active during performance of the function; loss of function, which tells us whether activity in that part is necessary for a function; and gain of function, which tells us whether activity in that part is sufficient for a function. Give a specific example of each of the following classes of experiments.
A. Loss of function
B. Gain of function
C. Correlation?

Accepted Answer

Analysis of behavior in patients with br

Question 16

Indicate whether each of the following types of cells can be found in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), or both.
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Schwann cells
C. Neurons
D. Astrocytes
E. Microglia

Accepted Answer

CNS (oligodendrocytes are the glia that

Question 17

Both male insects (such as fruit flies and crickets) and songbirds (such as canaries) produce species-specific songs in order to attract mates. What sorts of experiments could be used to determine whether these courtship behaviors are learned vs. innate?

Accepted Answer

Males could be isolated from birth and t

Question 18

Indicate the name of the structure found at each location in Figure Q1-6.

Accepted Answer

Dendrite
B. Cell bod

Experiments in which juvenile or adult barn owls are fitted with prisms that cause a mismatch between auditory and visual stimuli demonstrate that:

In the simple knee-jerk reflex circuit (Figure Q1-13): Figure Q1-13

The human nervous system is often compared to a computer, but the analogy breaks down upon closer examination of the organization and function of both systems. What are some key differences between the nervous systems we evolved and the early computers we designed and built? General Methodology

Information is transmitted between neurons by:

Arrange the following structures from the vertebrate CNS in order from anterior (rostral) to posterior (caudal): pons, cervical spine, lumbar spine, medulla, sacral spine, midbrain, thoracic spine

In twin studies, 'environmental factors' are any factors not inherited from parents' DNA. These would include:

Figure Q1-15 shows the sensory and motor cortical homunculi in humans. In both cases: Figure Q1-15

The intensity of a stimulus can be encoded by:

Indicate whether each of the following types of cells can be found in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), or both. A. Oligodendrocytes B. Schwann cells C. Neurons D. Astrocytes E. Microglia

Both male insects (such as fruit flies and crickets) and songbirds (such as canaries) produce species-specific songs in order to attract mates. What sorts of experiments could be used to determine whether these courtship behaviors are learned vs. innate?

Indicate the name of the structure found at each location in Figure Q1-6.

Signaling Within Neurons

Signaling Across Synapses

Vision

Wiring of the Visual System

Olfaction, Taste, Audition, and Somatosensation

Wiring of the Nervous System

Motor and Regulatory Systems

Sexual Behavior

Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity

Brain Disorders

Evolution of the Nervous System

Ways of Exploring

Filters

Exam 1: An Invitation to Neurobiology

Experiments in which juvenile or adult barn owls are fitted with prisms that cause a mismatch between auditory and visual stimuli demonstrate that:

In the simple knee-jerk reflex circuit (Figure Q1-13): Figure Q1-13

The human nervous system is often compared to a computer, but the analogy breaks down upon closer examination of the organization and function of both systems. What are some key differences between the nervous systems we evolved and the early computers we designed and built? General Methodology

Information is transmitted between neurons by:

Arrange the following structures from the vertebrate CNS in order from anterior (rostral) to posterior (caudal): pons, cervical spine, lumbar spine, medulla, sacral spine, midbrain, thoracic spine

In twin studies, 'environmental factors' are any factors not inherited from parents' DNA. These would include:

Figure Q1-15 shows the sensory and motor cortical homunculi in humans. In both cases: Figure Q1-15

The intensity of a stimulus can be encoded by:

Indicate whether each of the following types of cells can be found in the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), or both. A. Oligodendrocytes B. Schwann cells C. Neurons D. Astrocytes E. Microglia

Both male insects (such as fruit flies and crickets) and songbirds (such as canaries) produce species-specific songs in order to attract mates. What sorts of experiments could be used to determine whether these courtship behaviors are learned vs. innate?

Indicate the name of the structure found at each location in Figure Q1-6.

Signaling Within Neurons

Signaling Across Synapses

Vision

Wiring of the Visual System

Olfaction, Taste, Audition, and Somatosensation

Wiring of the Nervous System

Motor and Regulatory Systems

Sexual Behavior

Memory, Learning, and Synaptic Plasticity

Brain Disorders

Evolution of the Nervous System

Ways of Exploring

Filters