Deck 1: The Evolution of Microorganisms and Microbiology

Question 1

Proteins function in modern cells as

A) catalysts
B) hereditary information
C) structural elements
D) both A and C

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Viruses constitute the fourth domain of life in current biological classification schemes.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Which of the following distinguish the field of microbiology from other fields of biology?

A) the size of the organism studied
B) the techniques used to study organisms regardless of their size
C) both the size of the organism studied and the techniques employed in the study of organisms
D) neither the size of the organism studied nor the techniques employed in the study of organisms regardless of their size

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Microorganisms contain 50% of the biological carbon and 90% of the biological nitrogen on Earth.

Question 5

Catalytic proteins speed up the myriad of chemical reactions that occur in cells; these proteins are known as

A) ribozymes
B) nucleic acids
C) enzymes
D) lipids

Question 6

Definition of life includes all of the following except

A) cells maintain internal order
B) cells use energy and have a metabolism
C) cells reproduce
D) cells lack response to external environment

Question 7

Viruses are not generally studied by microbiologists because they are not classified as living organisms.

Question 8

RNA serves to convert the information stored in DNA to ________.

A) carbohydrates
B) protein
C) lipids
D) RNA

Question 9

The earliest microbial fossils that have been found are dated from approximately 4.5 million years ago.

Question 10

Archaea are prokaryotes that have unique cell membrane __________.

Question 11

All eukaryotes have a membrane-delimited nucleus.

Question 12

Microbiologists study a variety of organisms, but all are considered members of either Bacteria or Archaea.

Question 13

The ribosomal RNA studies that led to the division of prokaryotic organisms into the Bacteria and the Archaea were begun by

A) Pasteur
B) Woese
C) Needham
D) Watson

Question 14

Who of the following provided the evidence needed to discredit the concept of spontaneous generation?

A) Pasteur
B) Koch
C) Semmelweiss
D) Lister

Question 15

Cells with a relatively simple cell morphology that do not have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

A) prokaryotes.
B) eukaryotes.
C) urkaryotes.
D) nokaryotes.

Question 16

Protists contain all of the following forms of life except

A) protozoa.
B) fungi.
C) slime molds.
D) algae.

Question 17

Who of the following was the first to observe and accurately describe microorganisms?

A) Pasteur
B) Lister
C) van Leeuwenhoek
D) Tyndall

Question 18

All living organisms can be placed into one of three __________, which include the Bacteria, Archaea, and the Eukarya.

Question 19

Who of the following developed a set of criteria that could be used to establish a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease?

A) Fracastoro
B) Koch
C) Pasteur
D) Lister

Question 20

Cells with a relatively complex morphology that have a true membrane-delimited nucleus are called

A) prokaryotes.
B) eukaryotes.
C) urkaryotes.
D) nokaryotes.

Question 21

The concept that human and animal diseases are caused by microorganisms is called the

A) cell theory.
B) germ theory.
C) causative theory.
D) disease theory.

Question 22

M. J. Berkeley demonstrated that the great potato blight of Ireland was caused by a fungus.

Question 23

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

A) Pasteur.
B) Lister.
C) Jenner.
D) Kitasato.

Question 24

Viruses and bacteria were first cultured in the laboratory at about the same time.

Question 25

The first surgical antiseptic to be used was

A) iodine.
B) ethanol.
C) phenol.
D) none of the choices.

Question 26

Agar is used as a solidifying agent for microbiological media because it is not readily digested by most microorganisms.

Question 27

Koch's postulates were instrumental in establishing that Mycobacterium leprae is the cause of leprosy.

Question 28

Who of the following first discovered that some blood leukocytes could engulf disease-causing bacteria?

A) von Behring
B) Meister
C) Metchnikoff
D) Ivanowski

Question 29

Edward Jenner's work in preventing rabies led to the use of the term vaccination to describe a type of procedure used in the prevention of disease.

Question 30

Who is credited with developing and documenting the first vaccination procedure against smallpox?

A) Koch
B) Pasteur
C) Jenner
D) Lister

Question 31

The criteria for establishing a causative link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease were first proposed by Jacob Henle.

Question 32

Who is credited with developing a vaccine against chicken cholera?

A) Koch
B) Pasteur
C) Jenner
D) Lister

Question 33

Whose work on spontaneous generation first demonstrated the existence of a very heat-resistant form of bacteria that are called endospores?

A) Schwann
B) Redi
C) Tyndall
D) Pasteur

Question 34

Studies by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato demonstrated that inactivated toxins can induce the synthesis of antitoxins in the blood of rabbits. These antitoxins (antibodies) are the basis of

A) humoral immunity.
B) cell-mediated immunity.
C) antibiotic immunity.
D) phagocyte-mediated immunity.

Question 35

Old cultures of bacteria that have lost their ability to cause disease are said to be

A) impotent.
B) virulent.
C) pathogenic.
D) attenuated.

Question 36

The concept that living organisms arise from nonliving material is called

A) biogenesis.
B) cell theory.
C) spontaneous generation.
D) germ theory.

Question 37

Invisible living creatures were thought to exist and cause disease long before they were ever observed.

Question 38

The use of enrichment cultures and selective media was pioneered by

A) Beijerinck.
B) Jenner.
C) Pasteur.
D) von Behring.

Question 39

Fanny Hesse first suggested that agar be used to solidify microbiological media.

Question 40

Although developed over 100 years ago, Koch's postulates continue to be used successfully in all known human infectious diseases.

Question 41

An Italian physician, __________, challenged the concept of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots do not arise from decaying meat but rather from developing fly eggs.

Question 42

Elie Metchnikoff discovered __________, which is a major feature of the host immune response.

Question 43

The relationship between specific bacteria and specific diseases was first demonstrated by Koch.

Question 44

The usefulness of agar in solidifying microbiological growth media is limited because it does not remain solid at temperatures about 28^oC.

Question 45

Agastino Bassi demonstrated that a type of silkworm disease was caused by a fungus and proposed that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Question 46

Microbial __________ are scientists who investigate the synthesis of antibiotics and toxins, the production of energy with microorganisms, and the ways in which microorganisms survive harsh environmental conditions.

Question 47

__________ microbiology involves the use of microorganisms to make products such as antibiotics, vaccines, steroids, alcohols, vitamins, amino acids, and enzymes.

Question 48

__________ discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur, and ammonia to obtain energy.

Question 49

The endosymbiotic hypothesis is generally accepted as the origin of two eukaryotic organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Question 50

Robert Koch developed a vaccine that could be used to prevent anthrax.

Question 51

The branch of microbiology that deals with diseases of humans and animals is called __________ microbiology.

Question 52

The branch of microbiology that studies the relationship between microorganisms and their habitats is called __________.

Question 53

__________ microbiologists monitor community food establishments and water supplies in order to control the spread of communicable diseases.

Question 54

The branch of microbiology that deals with the mechanisms by which the human body protects itself from disease-causing organisms is called __________.

Question 55

John Tyndall demonstrated that microorganisms present in the air are carried on dust particles.

Question 56

__________ was the first to isolate a root nodule bacterium capable of nitrogen fixation.

Question 57

Charles Chamberland developed porcelain filters that allowed other scientists to demonstrate that viruses are smaller than bacteria.

Question 58

Some microorganisms are useful in bioremediation processes that reduce the effects of pollution.

Question 59

__________ and __________ microbiology investigates the spoilage of products for human consumption and the use of microorganisms in the production of cheese, yogurt, pickles, beer, and the like.

Question 60

The first disease to be identified as being caused by a virus was tobacco mosaic disease.

Question 61

Microbial __________ focuses on the nature of heredity and how it regulates the development and function of cells and organisms.