Deck 36: Water and Salts: Excretion

Question 1

A ureotelic organism excretes most of its nitrogenous waste as

A) ammonia.
B) water.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) uric acid.
E) urea.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which animals can produce urine that is more concentrated than their body fluids?

A) Mammals
B) Catfish
C) Crocodiles
D) Frogs
E) Sharks

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays),as well as _______,have a specialized gland that excretes excess salt taken in with their food.

A) terrestrial herbivores
B) marine mammals
C) brine shrimp
D) seabirds
E) freshwater bony fishes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Refer to the table below.Which animal is most likely to live in a desert?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 5

Analysis of a mouse's urine and plasma indicate a U/P ratio of 2.5.These results suggest that the mouse's kidney was

A) taking a lot of water but very few solutes from the plasma.
B) taking very little water and many solutes from the plasma.
C) taking a lot of water and many solutes from the plasma.
D) taking very little water and very few solutes from the plasma.
E) maintaining an equal rate of flow of water and solutes into and out of the plasma.

Question 6

The terms "ammonotelic," "ureotelic," and "uricotelic" refer to

A) the actions of hormones on the excretory system.
B) modes of excretion in animals based on the type of nitrogenous waste they produce.
C) pathways of kidney evolution.
D) modifications of kidney tubules that enhance excretion.
E) modes of excretory system development.

Question 7

Which sequence represents the correct order in which urine passes from the human kidney?

A) Ureter,bladder,urethra
B) Bladder,ureter,urethra
C) Urethra,bladder,ureter
D) Urethra,ureter,bladder
E) Ureter,urethra,bladder

Question 8

The excretion of nitrogenous wastes

A) by humans is primarily in the form of urea.
B) by non-avian reptiles is never in the form of uric acid.
C) by marine fishes is mostly in the form of urea.
D) does not contribute to the osmolarity of the urine.
E) requires more water if the waste product is uric acid,which is poorly soluble.

Question 9

Water moves by _______ from regions where osmotic pressure is _______ to regions where osmotic pressure is _______.

A) diffusion;high;high
B) diffusion;low;low
C) osmosis;high;low
D) osmosis;low;high
E) diffusion;low;high

Question 10

A small jellyfish is eaten by a bony fish,which in turn is eaten by a sea otter.Which form(s)of nitrogenous waste is/are not excreted in this small food chain?

A) Ammonia
B) Ammonia and urea
C) Uric acid
D) Urea
E) Uric acid and urea

Question 11

Which aqueous solution has the highest osmotic pressure?

A) 0.10 M NaCl
B) 0.03 M KCl
C) 0.10 M glucose
D) 0.05 M CaCl₂
E) 0.15 M glucose

Question 12

Which statement about the function of excretory systems is false?

A) They help regulate the osmotic pressure of intercellular fluids.
B) They interface with blood to filter wastes from blood plasma.
C) They break down proteins,which produces toxic waste products.
D) They conserve molecules that are valuable or in short supply.
E) They help regulate the volume of intercellular fluids.

Question 13

In animals,the excretory system controls the _______,composition,and concentration of the _______.

A) temperature;kidney cells
B) volume;intracellular fluids
C) osmotic pressure;intracellular fluids
D) temperature;blood plasma
E) volume;intercellular fluids

Question 14

Ammonia and urea are waste products derived from the metabolic breakdown of

A) carbohydrates.
B) proteins and nucleic acids.
C) sugars.
D) lipids.
E) salts.

Question 15

If a person was stranded for several days in a desert without food or water,the blood plasma would _______ and the U/P ratio would _______.

A) become very diluted;increase above 1.0
B) become very diluted;decrease below 1.0
C) become very concentrated;decrease below 1.0
D) become very concentrated;increase above 1.0
E) remain constant;stabilize at 1.0

Question 16

Which sequence represents the correct ranking of the amount of nitrogen per molecule,from least to most nitrogen?

A) Ammonia,urea,uric acid
B) Urea,uric acid,ammonia
C) Uric acid,ammonia,urea
D) Uric acid,urea,ammonia
E) Ammonia,uric acid,urea

Question 17

Which sequence represents the correct ranking of the water solubility of nitrogenous wastes,from least to most soluble?

A) Ammonia,urea,uric acid
B) Urea,uric acid,ammonia
C) Uric acid,ammonia,urea
D) Uric acid,urea,ammonia
E) Ammonia,uric acid,urea

Question 18

The extracellular fluids in our bodies

A) have the same composition as seawater.
B) have a much higher osmotic concentration than fluids in cells have.
C) contain no proteins.
D) have a fixed water concentration.
E) can supply water and nutrients to cells.

Question 19

Which molecule is most toxic to cells?

A) Ammonia
B) Sodium chloride
C) Water
D) Urea
E) Uric acid

Question 20

Which group of animals would be most suitable for a study of ammonia excretion?

A) Reptiles
B) Fish
C) Mammals
D) Birds
E) Insects

Question 21

A scientist wishing to study an animal that is an osmotic conformer might choose a study species from which group?

A) Marine bony fishes
B) Marine mammals
C) Marine invertebrates
D) Birds
E) Freshwater bony fishes

Question 22

What evidence supports the hypothesis that marine bony fish evolved from freshwater ancestors?

A) They are osmotic regulators and have physiologic mechanisms for maintaining blood plasma osmolarity.
B) They have kidneys that help regulate the osmolarity of their blood plasma.
C) Their gills are able to move water by osmosis out of their bodies.
D) Their gills are able to carry out active transport of salt from their bodies.
E) Their body fluids are much less concentrated than seawater.

Question 23

Which factor is most important in determining whether an animal excretes urea,uric acid,or ammonia?

A) The animal's speed and mobility
B) The average temperature of the environment
C) The animal's size
D) The animal's diet
E) The availability of water in the environment

Question 24

Marine invertebrates in which the salinity of body fluids changes with the osmolarity of their environments are known as

A) osmotic conformers.
B) osmotic regulators.
C) osmotic excretors.
D) hyposmotic regulators.
E) hyperosmotic regulators.

Question 25

A new organism that is discovered in an ocean environment is found to have a blood plasma osmolarity of 0.45 Osm.Which statement about this organism is true?

A) It is isosmotic and an osmotic regulator.
B) It is hyperosmotic and an osmotic conformer.
C) It is hyperosmotic and an osmotic regulator.
D) It is hyposmotic and an osmotic regulator.
E) It is hyposmotic and an osmotic conformer.

Question 26

The brine shrimp Artemia is a hyposmotic regulator that lives in an extremely high saline environment.Which statement would most likely be true of this organism?

A) Artemia moves salt out of its body across its gill membranes by means of active transport.
B) Artemia moves water out of its body across its gill membranes by means of active transport.
C) Artemia takes in salts through its nasal salt glands.
D) Artemia maintains a blood plasma osmolarity equivalent with its surroundings.
E) Artemia allows diffusion of salt from the surroundings into its extracellular fluid.

Question 27

Which substance is the least soluble in water?

A) Ammonia
B) Uric acid
C) Urea
D) Sodium chloride
E) Glucose

Question 28

Refer to the table below.Two animal species,A and B,are capable of moving back and forth between freshwater and saltwater environments.The table shows data collected on blood plasma osmolarities from members of these species that have been kept in a lab under different salinity conditions.Based on these data,which statement is true?

A) Both species are osmotic regulators.
B) Both species are osmotic conformers.
C) Both species are osmotic regulators in high salt environments but osmotic conformers in low salt environments.
D) Species A is an osmotic conformer and species B is an osmotic regulator.
E) Species A is an osmotic regulator and species B is an osmotic conformer.

Question 29

Organisms living in a freshwater environment normally

A) excrete copious amounts of dilute urine and retain salts.
B) excrete a small volume of dilute urine and retain salts.
C) excrete copious amounts of concentrated urine.
D) excrete small amounts of concentrated urine.
E) conserve both water and salts.

Question 30

Refer to the figure below showing a freshwater bony fish.Which letter label is correctly matched to its osmoregulatory process?

A) A = water loss by diffusion
B) B = water uptake by osmosis
C) C = excretion of small volumes of concentrated urine
D) D = active uptake of water
E) E = active drinking of water from surroundings

Question 31

Which process is not a main function of the kidneys?

A) Excretion of ammonia in freshwater fish
B) Maintenance of water balance in mammals
C) Regulation of blood plasma in amphibians
D) Removal of excess water from extracellular fluid in crayfish
E) Conservation of water in desert tortoises

Question 32

The table below lists the primary mode of nitrogenous waste excretion in the juvenile and adult forms of five different species.If one species is known to be an amphibian and one is a desert reptile,then species _______ is most likely the amphibian and species _______ is most likely the desert reptile.

A) B;D
B) A;E
C) D;E
D) C;A
E) D;B

Question 33

Which animal is most likely to excrete mainly urea or uric acid instead of ammonia?

A) Freshwater fish
B) Saltwater fish
C) Tadpole
D) Shrimp
E) Gull

Question 34

Metabolism of carbohydrates and fats produces

A) water and carbon dioxide.
B) water and nitrogenous wastes.
C) carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes.
D) ammonia.
E) water and ammonia.

Question 35

Organisms that are hyposmotic regulators

A) maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity lower than that of the environment.
B) maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity higher than that of the environment.
C) maintain a constant osmotic concentration in their blood plasma,with an osmolarity equal to that of the environment.
D) vary the osmotic concentration in their blood plasma in response to external changes while keeping the osmolarity slightly lower than that of their environment.
E) vary the osmotic concentration in their blood plasma in response to external changes while keeping the osmolarity slightly higher than that of their environment.

Question 36

Terrestrial organisms must conserve water.The least amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous waste product?

A) Carbon dioxide
B) Uric acid
C) Ammonia
D) Salt
E) Urea

Question 37

To osmoregulate in fresh water,a fish must _______ salts and produce _______ amounts of _______ urine.

A) excrete;copious;dilute
B) conserve;copious;dilute
C) conserve;small;dilute
D) excrete;small;dilute
E) absorb;copious;concentrated

Question 38

Marine bony fish maintain homeostasis by

A) excreting copious amounts of dilute urine and retaining salts.
B) excreting a small volume of dilute urine and retaining salts.
C) excreting copious amounts of concentrated urine and pumping salts from their gills.
D) excreting small amounts of urine nearly isosmotic to plasma and pumping salts from their gills.
E) conserving both water and salts.

Question 39

Marine bony fishes handle the excess salt ingested from seawater by

A) absorbing water when ions are pumped across their intestinal wall into their blood.
B) producing very little urine.
C) excreting ions from their gills.
D) excreting some ions in urine.
E) All of the above

Question 40

A freshwater fish tends to _______ water because its body fluids,compared to the water,have _______ osmolarity.

A) lose;a lower
B) lose;a greater
C) gain;a greater
D) gain;a lower
E) lose;the same

Question 41

Which structure is not part of a mammalian nephron?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule
B) Collecting duct
C) Distal convoluted tubule
D) Glomerulus
E) Bowman's capsule

Question 42

Which of the following is not a water conservation adaptation of a desert rodent?

A) Very low rate of evaporation through their skin
B) Production of dilute urine
C) Efficient use of metabolic water
D) Production of dry feces
E) Burrowing underground during daytime

Question 43

If vertebrates evolved in fresh water,the primary function of the earliest vertebrate nephron was likely

A) the removal of excess water.
B) the removal of excess salts.
C) the removal of excess nutrients.
D) nutrient conservation.
E) water conservation.

Question 44

A high U/P ratio indicates that an animal

A) is excreting a high volume of urine.
B) is excreting a low volume of urine.
C) is reabsorbing large amounts of water from its urine.
D) is reabsorbing large amounts of salt from its urine.
E) is likely an aquatic animal.

Question 45

At present,there are no osmotic conformers in any freshwater animal species on Earth.Why?

A) Marine animals have been in existence much longer than freshwater animals,and evolution of osmotic conformity has not occurred in freshwater animals yet.
B) Osmotic conformers must expend a great deal of energy,and evolution favors adaptations that conserve energy.
C) Marine environments are much more abundant on Earth than freshwater environments,allowing for more diversity of animal forms.
D) Fresh water has an osmolarity of 0,and no animal could survive with such a low plasma osmolarity.
E) Both a and b

Question 46

The process of filtration that takes place in the glomerulus is driven by

A) active transport.
B) aquaporins.
C) blood pressure.
D) osmotic pressure.
E) secretion.

Question 47

_______ urine is produced in the Bowman's capsules and glomeruli.

A) Concentrated
B) Primary
C) Final
D) Definitive
E) Processed

Question 48

Refer to the figure below.When a blue crab and a mussel are placed in conditions of 0.50 Osm,their bodies react differently.Only the crab

A) prevents environmental water from bathing its gills.
B) actively pumps water out of its body fluids.
C) actively pumps salts into its body fluids.
D) allows water to flow into its body fluids through osmosis.
E) produces small volumes of concentrated urine.

Question 49

If persistent drought is affecting a region containing a forest ecosystem,which animal population will be devastated the most quickly?

A) Mouse
B) Spider
C) Bat
D) Snake
E) Slug

Question 50

Which substance does not enter Bowman's capsule from the bloodstream during filtration?

A) Water
B) Glucose
C) Ions
D) Amino acids
E) Plasma proteins

Question 51

Which is not a water conservation adaptation of a reptile?

A) Scaly skin
B) Excretion of salts
C) Excretion of uric acid
D) Shelled eggs
E) Long periods of inactivity in burrows

Question 52

A scientist wishing to study how animals produce urine that is more concentrated than their body fluids should choose a study species from which group?

A) Alligators
B) Birds from a tropical rain forest
C) Salamanders inhabiting a freshwater wetland
D) Desert-dwelling mammals
E) Marine bony fishes

Question 53

Marine bony fishes acquire salt when they feed.They handle this salt load by

A) excreting ions from gills.
B) actively pumping ions across their intestinal wall so that water will follow.
C) producing very dilute urine.
D) excreting salt with fecal waste.
E) Both a and b

Question 54

Anadromous bony fish,such as shad,leave the ocean and return to their natal freshwater streams to breed.When their environment changes from salt water to fresh water,these fish are likely to

A) increase their drinking rate.
B) produce an increased volume of more dilute urine.
C) maintain the same direction of ion-pumping across their gills.
D) decrease the absorption of ions in their guts.
E) show a decreased movement of water from the environment into body tissues.

Question 55

The functional unit of the kidney is

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) a capillary.
C) the glomerulus.
D) the nephron.
E) the renal tubule.

Question 56

Refer to the table below.Biologists tracked a species of lizard in a southwest New Mexican desert over several seasons.The scientists compiled data on specific underground shelters that the lizards used during each season as shown in the table.Which statement is consistent with these data?

A) The lizards have a physiological adaptation to reduce water loss.
B) The lizards reduce water loss using night‒day cycles of activity.
C) The lizards rely on metabolic water as a key source of water for survival.
D) The lizards have a behavioral adaptation to reduce water loss.
E) The lizards have a morphological adaptation to reduce water loss.

Question 57

The normal blood osmotic pressure of terrestrial vertebrates is typically _______ mOsm.

A) 100-150
B) 200-250
C) 300-350
D) 600-650
E) 900-950

Question 58

Refer to the table below containing field research data collected about a species of desert woodrat.Activity levels of the rats were monitored at all times,and maximum daytime temperatures were recorded.Based on these data,which statement could the researchers propose as a hypothesis about water conservation in this species?

A) Desert woodrats do not restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water.
B) Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water only during the day.
C) Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity as a means for conserving water only during the night.
D) Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity during both day and night as a means for conserving water.
E) Desert woodrats restrict their physical activity during the day as a means for conserving water and restrict their activity at night only under the most severe conditions.

Question 59

Biologists have observed that kangaroo rats living in desert habitats change their diet from dry seeds to vegetation and insects depending on the season.Based on this information,which statement is most likely true?

A) The animals rely more on metabolic water as a water source when they eat mostly dry seeds than when they eat mostly vegetation and insects.
B) The animals prefer dry seeds over vegetation and insects since dry seeds are less available during certain times of the year.
C) The animals take in the same quantity of water with their food in all seasons.
D) The animals tend to reproduce during the season when dry seeds are available.
E) The animals have the same reliance on metabolic water as a water source in all seasons.

Question 60

Mammalian nephrons are different from amphibian nephrons in that only mammalian nephrons

A) filter blood.
B) actively transport sodium and chloride ions back into body tissues.
C) produce urine with the same concentration as that of blood.
D) employ tubular secretion and reabsorption to control urine composition.
E) use a countercurrent multiplication mechanism.

Question 61

Which sequence represents the correct order in which fluid moves through the nephron,from beginning to end?

A) Glomerulus,distal convoluted tubule,loop of Henle,proximal convoluted tubule,collecting duct
B) Glomerulus,loop of Henle,distal convoluted tubule,proximal convoluted tubule,collecting duct
C) Glomerulus,proximal convoluted tubule,loop of Henle,distal convoluted tubule,collecting duct
D) Glomerulus,distal convoluted tubule,collecting duct,loop of Henle,proximal convoluted tubule
E) Collecting duct,proximal convoluted tubule,loop of Henle,glomerulus,distal convoluted tubule

Question 62

What is the human body's response to ingestion of much more than the recommended daily limit of salt (e.g. ,an entire bag of potato chips)?

A) The release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
B) A rise in blood osmolarity
C) An increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney
D) Increased aquaporin expression
E) All of the above

Question 63

Which condition or process would not contribute to production of highly concentrated urine in mammals?

A) Osmolarity gradient within the kidney medulla
B) Active transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the proximal convoluted tubule
C) Active transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the segment of the loop of Henle in which tubular fluid is leaving the medulla
D) Action of ADH to increase permeability of collecting tubule to water
E) Loop of Henle's impermeability to water

Question 64

Valuable molecules such as glucose,amino acids,and vitamins are reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) Collecting duct
C) Glomerulus
D) Loop of Henle
E) Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 65

If two mammals are the same size but one has a greater ability to concentrate its urine,which feature is the likely source of this capacity?

A) Higher glomerular filtration rate
B) Longer convoluted tubules
C) Increased number of nephrons
D) Longer collecting ducts
E) Longer loops of Henle

Question 66

The consumption of beer,which inhibits ADH production because of its ethyl alcohol content,stimulates the kidney to produce

A) large volumes of concentrated urine.
B) small volumes of concentrated urine.
C) small volumes of dilute urine.
D) large volumes of dilute urine.
E) large volumes of urine with the same concentration as that of blood plasma.

Question 67

Birds that eat marine animals ingest excess salt,which they excrete through their _______ glands.

Question 68

The fluid excreted into the outside environment by an animal's kidney is called _______.

Question 69

Refer to the diagram below of the mammalian kidney.Which description is paired incorrectly with its location in the diagram?

A) 1 - Filters blood to produce primary urine
B) 2 - Responds to levels of ADH to cause water to move back into tissues or to be excreted
C) 3 - Uses a mechanism of countercurrent multiplication to increase osmotic pressure in surrounding body tissue
D) 4 - Brings waste molecules to the tubules that will be excreted in the urine
E) 5 - Allows the body to reabsorb water from urine

Question 70

If a person is producing concentrated urine,how much of the fluid that is filtered into Bowman's capsule can be reabsorbed into the blood within the kidney rather than being removed from the body through urination?

A) Less than 5 percent
B) About 25 percent
C) About 50 percent
D) About 75 percent
E) Over 99 percent

Question 71

If interstitial fluid around the human loops of Henle reaches a concentration of 1,000 mOsm/L,what is the highest concentration that can be reached in urine in the collecting ducts?

A) 100 mOsm/L
B) 120 mOsm/L
C) 1,000 mOsm/L
D) 1,500 mOsm/L
E) 2,000 mOsm/L

Question 72

What is the human body's response to dehydration?

A) The release of ADH
B) A rise in blood osmolarity
C) An increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney
D) Stimulation of increased aquaporin expression
E) All of the above

Question 73

Suppose that a petite woman has a total of 4 liters of blood in her body and it moves through her glomeruli at a rate of 120 mL per minute.How long does it take for her kidneys to process her entire volume of blood?

A) About 20 minutes
B) About 35 minutes
C) About 1 hour
D) About 3 hours
E) About 6 hours

Question 74

The loops of Henle are considered to function as a countercurrent multiplier because

A) the different segments (the one carrying tubular fluid into the medulla and the one carrying it out)have different permeabilities.
B) the amount of water conserved is related to the force of gravity.
C) as tubular fluid flows in the loop,a concentration gradient is established in the tissue fluids of the medulla.
D) as tubular fluid flows in the loop,it becomes more concentrated in the nephron.
E) active transport in the two segments (the one carrying tubular fluid into the medulla and the one carrying it out)multiplies the concentration gradient in the tubular fluid.

Question 75

Which structure is present in mammalian kidneys but absent in amphibian kidneys?

A) Loop of Henle
B) Glomerulus
C) Bowman's capsule
D) Proximal convoluted tubule
E) Distal convoluted tubule

Question 76

Which factor would be most important in bringing about a change in mammalian urine concentration from dilute to concentrated in a short period of time?

A) Length of loop of Henle
B) Blood pressure changes
C) Aquaporin expression
D) Active transport of sodium and chloride ions in nephrons
E) Osmosis of water

Question 77

Which statement about an excretory system consisting of Malpighian tubules is false?

A) As ions move into the tubules,water moves out.
B) Urine is excreted from the rectum.
C) There is active transport of ions into the excretory system.
D) KCl from the hindgut is reabsorbed into the extracellular fluid.
E) Such a system is found in insects.

Question 78

The effect of antidiuretic hormone is to

A) increase urine volume.
B) increase urine concentration.
C) reduce permeability in the loop of Henle.
D) reduce permeability of the collecting ducts.
E) reduce blood volume.

Question 79

Which structure is found in the inner medulla of the mammalian kidney?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Loop of Henle
E) Distal convoluted tubule

Question 80

In addition to producing water and carbon dioxide,the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids produces nitrogenous waste,most frequently in the form of _______.