Deck 30: Nutrition and Digestion

Question 1

Which statement about the essential amino acids is false?

A) Most animals have some amino acids that are essential.
B) Ingesting a surplus of one essential amino acid cannot compensate for a shortage of another.
C) In humans,some foods,such as legumes,supply all eight of the essential amino acids.
D) They must be obtained fully formed in the diet.
E) Like amino acids,some fatty acids are essential.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is least likely to help a patient who complains of night blindness?

A) Fruits
B) Vegetables
C) Whole grains
D) Dairy products
E) Liver

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Certain amino acids are called essential amino acids because they

A) are all required for making any protein.
B) cannot be made from other amino acids and must be obtained from food.
C) are universally needed by all animals.
D) are essential as an energy source.
E) are required for making nucleic acids.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Regular consumption of liver would likely rule out a nutritional deficiency for all of the following nutrients except

A) vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).
B) copper.
C) vitamin C
D) folic acid.
E) iron.

Question 5

Which statement about energy storage in animals is true?

A) Carbohydrates are stored in the form of the simple sugar glucose.
B) Lipid is not an important form of stored energy.
C) Lipid has the lowest energy content per gram.
D) Protein is the most important energy storage component.
E) The total glycogen stores are heavy because glycogen is stored with a lot of water bound to its molecules.

Question 6

A person who is diagnosed with anemia due to a vitamin deficiency but eats liver regularly most likely has a vitamin deficiency in

A) pantothenic acid.
B) biotin.
C) vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).
D) vitamin E (tocopherol).
E) folic acid.

Question 7

Sailors on long sea voyages often were supplied with limes to avoid the ascorbic acid deficiency called

A) beriberi.
B) kwashiorkor.
C) pellagra.
D) scurvy.
E) rickets.

Question 8

You have noticed that your gums bleed easily every time you brush your teeth.But you have been drinking lots of milk lately,and your usual daily meals include oatmeal,macaroni and cheese,and steak and eggs.Your bleeding gums are most likely a result of a nutritional deficiency in

A) ascorbic acid.
B) calcium.
C) folic acid.
D) vitamin B₁₂.
E) iron.

Question 9

Primates should eat citrus fruit to prevent scurvy,which is due to a deficiency in

A) ascorbic acid.
B) thiamin.
C) calciferol.
D) niacin.
E) biotin.

Question 10

Which statement about vitamins is false?

A) Vitamins,like essential amino acids and fatty acids,are organic molecules.
B) All vertebrates require the same vitamins.
C) Vitamins function mostly as,or as parts of,coenzymes.
D) Vitamins are required only in very small amounts.
E) Humans require more water-soluble vitamins than fat-soluble vitamins.

Question 11

The nutritional deficiency disease rickets is caused by an inadequate supply of the lipid-soluble vitamin

A) A (retinol).
B) D (calciferol).
C) E (tocopherol).
D) K (menadione).
E) biotin.

Question 12

Which statement about vitamin C is false?

A) Wounds heal slowly without it.
B) It is obtained from fresh greens and fruit in the diet.
C) It is an essential vitamin for humans.
D) It is a lipid-soluble vitamin.
E) A deficiency in it can cause bleeding gums.

Question 13

The nutritional disease beriberi results from a(n)

A) protein deficiency.
B) vitamin deficiency.
C) calorie deficiency.
D) overdose of fat-soluble vitamins.
E) overdose of thyroxine.

Question 14

A strictly vegetarian diet with no vitamin B₁₂ supplements can lead to

A) beriberi.
B) pellagra.
C) pernicious anemia.
D) scurvy.
E) night blindness.

Question 15

Many vitamins

A) function as coenzymes.
B) are used to digest foods.
C) are used as an energy source.
D) are stored as lipids.
E) All of the above

Question 16

The anti-acne medication Retin-A,also used for reduction of wrinkles,has the active ingredient all-trans retinoic acid.It can be toxic if ingested,but surprisingly it is chemically related to other forms of vitamin A you get in your diet from

A) fruits.
B) vegetables.
C) liver.
D) dairy products.
E) All of the above

Question 17

A vegan (someone who eats no animal products)who develops pernicious anemia despite a diet high in whole grains most likely has a nutritional deficiency in

A) pantothenic acid.
B) biotin.
C) folic acid.
D) vitamin E (tocopherol).
E) vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).

Question 18

The major form of stored energy in animal bodies is _______,because it _______.

A) protein;is a long-term energy storage form
B) glycogen;breaks down into readily usable carbohydrates
C) glycogen;is lightweight
D) lipid;has the highest energy content per gram
E) lipid;is readily stored and dissolved in water

Question 19

The nutritional deficiency disease beriberi is caused by an inadequate supply of the water-soluble vitamin

A) B₁ (thiamin).
B) B₂ (riboflavin).
C) B₁₂ (cobalamin).
D) folic acid.
E) C (ascorbic acid).

Question 20

Golden rice is a genetically engineered version of rice that has been developed in order to prevent effects from various nutritional deficiencies such as night blindness,which occurs in high numbers in various developing countries.Golden rice has most likely been altered to make which nutrient that rice does normally not contain?

A) Folic acid
B) Magnesium
C) Vitamin A
D) Manganese
E) Vitamin C

Question 21

If the thyroid gland is unable to make thyroid hormone due to an inadequate supply of a micronutrient,a feedback loop causes more TSH to be released by the pituitary gland,which in turn causes the thyroid gland to grow as it attempts to make more thyroid hormone.If the lack of the micronutrient continues,the thyroid gland can grow quite large and is called a goiter.The lack of which micronutrient is most likely to cause a goiter?

A) Fluoride
B) Iodine
C) Chromium
D) Zinc
E) Copper

Question 22

Which statement about digestion in vertebrates is false?

A) The enzymes that carry out the final step in the digestion of proteins are secreted in active form by the pancreas.
B) The enzymes that carry out the final step in the digestion of proteins produce absorbable molecules with one,two,or three amino acids.
C) The enzymes that carry out the final step of splitting two linked amino acids are produced by the intestinal epithelial cells.
D) The enzymes that carry out the final step of splitting two linked amino acids produce absorbable single amino acids.
E) The enzymes that digest lactose are present in a number of tribes in Africa.

Question 23

Which structure is not encountered by a food particle as it moves through the digestive system of an earthworm?

A) Esophagus
B) Gizzard
C) Crop
D) Intestine
E) Cecum

Question 24

A lipase is an enzyme that breaks down

A) carbohydrates.
B) nucleic acids.
C) proteins.
D) lipids.
E) fatty acids.

Question 25

Which region of the digestive tract of a ruminant is comparable to our stomach?

A) Cecum
B) Reticulum
C) Rumen
D) Omasum
E) Abomasum

Question 26

What important positive contribution do gut microbes make to ruminants?

A) Their sheer volume presses the stomach chambers against other organs,holding them in place.
B) They perform digestion of cellulose.
C) They enable ruminants to recycle oxygen.
D) They make vitamin E.
E) They make no positive contribution to the ruminants.

Question 27

An animal's ability to digest foods can be determined by all of the following except

A) the types of enzymes present in the ingested food.
B) how fast a particular food passes through its digestive system.
C) the amount of nutritional value the animal derives from the food.
D) the particular enzymes the animal synthesizes.
E) the types of gut microbes the animal possesses.

Question 28

The enzyme lactase

A) cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose.
B) is produced by the intestine.
C) is not produced by many humans after childhood.
D) cleaves milk sugar.
E) All of the above

Question 29

The term "suspension feeder" has replaced the term "filter feeder" because

A) biologists realized that suspension is easier to understand.
B) food sources in these cases are typically suspended above the animals,while filter feeding implies a food source below the animal.
C) suspension feeding includes the process of filtering.
D) filter feeders only take substances from blood.
E) many suspension feeders collect large numbers of food particles without a filter.

Question 30

If you are suffering from osteoporosis,a condition in which your bones are thinning,you can improve your condition through diet and exercise.Which nutrient is important for improving your condition?

A) Calcium
B) Magnesium
C) Vitamin D
D) Phosphorus
E) All of the above

Question 31

Which organisms are not suspension feeders?

A) Ospreys
B) Baleen whales
C) Manta rays
D) Basking sharks
E) Clams

Question 32

A suspension feeder acquires food items by

A) extracting particles suspended in water.
B) restraining prey by means of claws and jaws.
C) ingesting mud and extracting particles.
D) filtering food substances from blood.
E) restraining prey with poison.

Question 33

Humans have no way to break down

A) cellulose.
B) amino acids.
C) DNA.
D) lipids.
E) lactose.

Question 34

A small penguin and an enormous baleen whale both feed on shrimp-like krill,yet only the whale is considered a suspension feeder.Which of the following can most likely explain this distinction?

A) Penguins feed on krill when the krill are attached to the bottom of an ice sheet,rather than suspended in the water.
B) Baleen whales eat the penguins that have eaten the krill.
C) Penguins hunt krill by sight catching them one at a time;baleen whales collect huge numbers of krill at once.
D) Penguins and baleen whales feed on krill at different times of year.
E) Penguins use their beak to catch the krill;baleen whales use their teeth.

Question 35

The gut of a vertebrate is often described as an elongated tube consisting of four layers of different cell types.Which of the following represents the correct order of those layers,from innermost (lumen-facing)to outermost?

A) Submucosa,cartilage,mucosa,endoplasmic reticulum
B) Smooth muscle layers,submucosa,mucosa,cartilage
C) Cartilage,smooth muscle layers,mucosa,circular muscle
D) Mucosa,submucosa,circular muscle,longitudinal muscle
E) Cartilage,mucosa,endoplasmic reticulum,submucosa

Question 36

Which organisms are suspension feeders?

A) Ospreys
B) Algae
C) Bees
D) Crabs
E) Clams

Question 37

Which statement about the cecum in an herbivore such as a rabbit is true?

A) It reabsorbs water from the feces.
B) It is the region of the stomach that produces digestive enzymes.
C) It is a region where bacteria are removed from the large intestine.
D) It is a fermentation chamber that follows the stomach and small intestine.
E) It is the part of the rectum that compacts fecal matter.

Question 38

The key difference between digestion and absorption is that

A) absorption does not occur in most animals.
B) digestion does not occur in most animals.
C) digestion occurs on molecules absorbed from the blood into the gut lumen.
D) absorption transfers digested molecules across the gut epithelium.
E) The two terms are interchangeable;there is no significant difference.

Question 39

Which of these microscopic organisms are not part of the microbial community in the gut of a ruminant?

A) Bacteria
B) Algae
C) Protozoa
D) Yeasts
E) Fungi

Question 40

Ruminant animals,such as goats and cows,

A) produce enzymes in their intestines that break down cellulose.
B) are primarily carnivorous.
C) have a four-chambered stomach that provides a large surface area for better nutrient absorption.
D) produce hydrogen dioxide,an important greenhouse gas.
E) obtain much of their nitrogen from the digestion of microorganisms.

Question 41

In your digestive tract,movement of food from the stomach into the esophagus is normally prevented by

A) a sphincter.
B) reverse peristalsis.
C) the pyloric sphincter.
D) peristalsis.
E) the pharynx.

Question 42

Which structure of the vertebrate gut is most responsible for peristalsis?

A) Circular and longitudinal muscle layers
B) Mucosal layer
C) Submucosal layer
D) Peritoneum
E) Lumen

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions :
Facilities that recycle consumer electronics such as computers and cell phones often have entrance halls leading to disassembly rooms where the products are broken down into their parts,such as transistors,useful wires,and so on.The parts are then put on conveyor belts taking them to other areas where they can be re-used.
In this scenario,the disassembly room is analogous to the _______ in a digestive system.

A) esophagus
B) stomach and small intestine
C) pancreas
D) liver
E) rectum

Question 44

Which layer in the vertebrate gut can constrict the gut lumen?

A) Circular muscle layer
B) Mucosal layer
C) Submucosal layer
D) Longitudinal muscle layer
E) Peritoneal layer

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions :
Facilities that recycle consumer electronics such as computers and cell phones often have entrance halls leading to disassembly rooms where the products are broken down into their parts,such as transistors,useful wires,and so on.The parts are then put on conveyor belts taking them to other areas where they can be re-used.
In this scenario,the conveyor belts and distribution of useful items to other areas are most analogous to the blood and lymph vessels in the _______ of a digestive system.

A) esophagus
B) gizzard
C) intestine
D) anus
E) crop

Question 46

Which statement about digestion in the midgut (small intestine)of vertebrates is false?

A) Most digestion of the proteins,carbohydrates,and lipids occurs in the small intestine.
B) Lipids in the small intestine are emulsified by bile that is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
C) It relies on aerobic conditions,with O₂ levels roughly as high as those in the blood.
D) The pancreas secretes bicarbonate ions into the small intestine.
E) It precedes the actions of the colon.

Question 47

An earthworm doesn't need teeth because it has a(n)

A) gizzard.
B) crop.
C) rumen.
D) pharynx.
E) intestine.

Question 48

Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin by

A) low pH.
B) a strong base.
C) enterokinase.
D) trypsinogen.
E) amylase from the salivary glands.

Question 49

The sweetness that you taste if you keep chewing a piece of bread is due to the action of the enzyme

A) maltase.
B) sucrase.
C) lactase.
D) amylase.
E) pepsin.

Question 50

The major enzyme produced by your stomach is

A) amylase.
B) HCl.
C) mucus.
D) trypsin.
E) pepsin.

Question 51

Which of the following is not caused by the HCl secreted in the stomach?

A) Activation of pepsin
B) Proper pH for the digestive enzyme of the stomach
C) Breakdown of ingested tissues
D) Release of bile
E) Death of ingested bacteria

Question 52

For most vertebrates,absorption of nutrients occurs in the

A) esophagus.
B) gastrovascular cavity.
C) coelomic body cavity.
D) midgut.
E) crop.

Question 53

Most absorption of nutrients in the vertebrate digestive tract takes place in the

A) stomach.
B) small intestine (midgut).
C) large intestine (hindgut).
D) liver.
E) pancreas.

Question 54

Which layer of the vertebrate gut shows adaptations for increasing absorptive surface area?

A) Lumen
B) Mucosa
C) Longitudinal muscle layer
D) Circular muscle layer
E) Nerve net

Question 55

In your small intestine,nutrients are absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and then passed to blood and lymph vessels lying in the _______ layer(s)of the intestine.These vessels then carry the nutrients away from the gut.

A) microvilli
B) villi,only
C) villi,mucosa,and submucosa
D) circular muscle
E) longitudinal muscle

Question 56

Which of the following is not a function of the pancreas?

A) Production of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes
B) Production of lipid-digesting enzymes
C) Production of protein-digesting enzymes
D) Neutralization of acidic material from the stomach
E) Production of lipid-emulsifying bile

Question 57

The vertebrate gut could be considered analogous to a(n)

A) assembly line building cars.
B) junkyard,where pieces of cars are removed one by one.
C) cornfield capturing sunlight to form carbohydrates.
D) migrating herd of wildebeest.
E) chef combining ingredients to produce a meal.

Question 58

Which structure is not directly encountered by a bite of food as it passes through your digestive system?

A) Trachea
B) Liver
C) Jejunum
D) Colon
E) Esophagus

Question 59

Which statement about movement of food in the vertebrate gut is false?

A) Three sphincters are found in the vertebrate gut.
B) Peristalsis can move food in both directions.
C) The gut contains both longitudinal and circular muscles.
D) The primary function of peristalsis is mixing food in the stomach.
E) The muscle in a sphincter is normally contracted.

Question 60

The inactive form of stomach enzymes is activated by

A) enterokinase.
B) ATP.
C) low pH.
D) the appropriate substrate molecule.
E) the presence of water.

Question 61

Which statement about gastrin is false?

A) It stimulates secretion of pepsin.
B) It stimulates secretion of HCl.
C) Its release is stimulated by low pH.
D) It increases motility in the stomach.
E) It travels through the blood to each part of the stomach.

Question 62

The protein leptin

A) is produced by cells of the hypothalamus.
B) signals the brain about the status of body fat reserves.
C) is found in lower-than-normal levels in most obese humans.
D) serves as a positive feedback signal to the brain to limit food intake.
E) is an environmental toxin that accumulates in body fat.

Question 63

Which statement about nutrient absorption by the intestinal mucosal cells in vertebrates is true?

A) Carbohydrates are absorbed as disaccharides.
B) Lipids are absorbed as fatty acids and glycerol.
C) Proteins are absorbed only as single amino acids.
D) Bile transports lipids across the plasma membrane.
E) Most nutrients are absorbed in the large intestine.

Question 64

During the absorptive state,

A) breakdown of glycogen supplies glucose to the blood.
B) glucagon secretion is high.
C) the amount of secreted insulin is high.
D) glycogen is the major metabolic fuel.
E) the synthesis of fats and glycogen in muscle is inhibited.

Question 65

We can synthesize almost all the lipids required by the body from building blocks obtained from carbohydrates or fats,but we must have a dietary source of essential _______,such as linoleic acid.

Question 66

Which structure does not serve to increase surface area to aid nutrient absorption?

A) A human's intestinal villus
B) A human's intestinal microvillus
C) An earthworm's infolding of the intestinal wall
D) A bile molecule
E) A bird's crop

Question 67

A clownfish and a sea anemone are mutualistic,meaning that their close,long-term interactions are a benefit to both of them.Therefore "mutualism" describes a type of _______ interaction.

Question 68

The effects of glucagon include

A) stimulation of glucose uptake into cells.
B) stimulation of liver cells to break down glycogen.
C) control of blood glycogen levels in the absence of insulin.
D) stimulation of cells to store energy as fat.
E) None of the above

Question 69

Which statement about the hormonal control of fuel metabolism is false?

A) During the absorptive period,the liver converts glycogen into glucose.
B) During the postabsorptive period,the body cells break down glycogen for metabolic fuel.
C) Alpha and beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans produce hormones with opposite effects.
D) Glucagon plays a major role during the postabsorptive period through its actions in the liver.
E) Cells of the pancreas release insulin during the absorptive period.

Question 70

Insulin is released by the pancreas when blood levels of

A) glucose fall.
B) glucagon fall.
C) glucose rise.
D) glucagon rise.
E) secretin fall.

Question 71

Which activity is not carried out by the liver in the regulation of fuel metabolism?

A) Conversion of glucose into glycogen
B) Secretion of glucagon
C) Response to insulin
D) Production of molecules that emulsify drops of fat into smaller drops
E) Secretion of molecules that emulsify drops of fat into smaller drops

Question 72

The hormone secretin is a chemical message

A) secreted by the pancreas.
B) secreted by the stomach.
C) whose release is stimulated by the nervous system.
D) that decreases the effects of CCK.
E) that triggers pancreatic secretion.

Question 73

Bile aids in the breakdown of lipids by

A) hydrolyzing lipids.
B) activating hydrolytic enzymes.
C) aggregating droplets of lipids.
D) emulsifying lipids.
E) making lipids fat-soluble.

Question 74

During the postabsorptive state,

A) glucagon is the major metabolic fuel.
B) glucagon stimulates the liver to produce glycogen.
C) insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by muscle cells.
D) fatty acids constitute a major metabolic fuel.
E) liver functions slow down because of high insulin levels.

Question 75

The first hormone ever discovered was

A) testosterone.
B) gastrin.
C) secretin.
D) gluconeogenase.
E) glucagon.

Question 76

Colonies of beneficial bacteria live within the digestive tracts of many species.This relationship between the bacteria and the host species is called _______.

Question 77

Which structure of the tubular digestive tract in vertebrates is involved mainly with water and ion recovery?

A) Gizzard
B) Buccal cavity
C) Stomach
D) Hindgut
E) Midgut

Question 78

Animals that feed by collecting many tiny food particles at once are called _______.

Question 79

The acidic material coming from the stomach into the small intestine is neutralized by

A) bicarbonate from the pancreas.
B) buffers from the gall bladder.
C) bile from the liver.
D) trypsin activation.
E) a variety of hindgut enzymes.

Question 80

In vertebrates,a major function of the colon,or large intestine,is the

A) digestive breakdown of foods.
B) absorption of nutrients from foods.
C) housing of parasitic bacteria.
D) secretion of bile and enzymes.
E) reabsorption of water.