Deck 24: The Plant Body

Question 1

The first mitotic division of the zygote establishes what feature or features of the developing plant?

A) Root system
B) Major organs
C) Cotyledons
D) Apical-basal axis and polarity
E) Shoot and root apical meristems

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Because plants are unable to move,they must be able to perform a number of functions.Which is not one of those functions?

A) Using the resources in their immediate environment
B) Adapting to a stationary (sessile)lifestyle
C) Developing and growing throughout their lives
D) Regulating their growth to respond to the environment
E) Developing an external skeleton to divert predators

Answer 2

E

Question 3

A plant seed germinates and undergoes a process of change in which it eventually becomes an adult plant.This process shows which characteristic that is shared by both plants and animals?

A) Totipotency
B) Cell wall formation
C) Meristem formation
D) Morphogenesis
E) Cell plate formation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Roses and other broad-leaved flowering plants are examples of

A) monocots.
B) eudicots.
C) bryophytes.
D) pteridophytes.
E) gymnosperms.

Question 5

The plant cell's rigid cell wall determines development by

A) allowing cells to slide past one another.
B) preventing cells from damaging one another.
C) enabling a given cell to divide in any direction.
D) protecting the developing plant from apoptosis,or cell death.
E) determining the direction of growth by changing orientation during cytokinesis.

Question 6

The three tissue systems of a vascular plant,which form during embryogenesis and develop into all plant organs and cell types,are the _______ tissue systems.

A) cork,pith,and epidermal
B) xylem,phloem,and photosynthetic
C) dermal,vascular,and ground
D) vessel,tracheid,and fiber
E) root,stem,and leaf

Question 7

The property of totipotency is important to plants because it

A) enables rapid growth.
B) prevents apoptosis,or cell death.
C) enables specialization of plant cells.
D) enables cells to switch back and forth between identities.
E) enables a plant to repair environmental or herbivore damage.

Question 8

Grasses and orchids are examples of

A) monocots.
B) eudicots.
C) gymnosperms.
D) bryophytes.
E) pteridophytes.

Question 9

The outer layer of a cactus plant that protects it against both water loss and pathogens is called the

A) cuticle.
B) stomata.
C) epidermis.
D) pericycle.
E) ground tissue.

Question 10

The apical-basal and radial axes of the plant body

A) are established when the seed germinates.
B) are established after germination,during growth.
C) arise at different stages of embryonic development.
D) arise simultaneously during early embryonic development.
E) are established when the plant embryo ceases development.

Question 11

Most of the diversity of plant size and form results from

A) totipotency.
B) the wide variety of pollinators.
C) their stationary (sessile)lifestyle.
D) many variations on a simple structural organization.
E) the direction of sunlight relative to the plant axis.

Question 12

An organized group of cells with common features,working together as a structural and functional unit,is a(an)

A) organism.
B) organ.
C) organ system.
D) tissue.
E) tissue system.

Question 13

In addition to permitting gas exchange,stomata allow water to evaporate from plant cells.This suggests that a plant,in order to maximize photosynthesis without dehydrating,would typically keep its stomata

A) open day and night.
B) closed day and night.
C) open during daylight and closed at night.
D) open at night and closed during daylight.
E) open when the cell is high in CO₂ and closed when it is low in CO₂.

Question 14

Which specialized structures enable gas exchange and allow water to move in and out of the plant?

A) Stomata
B) Trichomes
C) Cutin
D) Meristems
E) Vessels

Question 15

In all flowering plants,the outer covering,or epidermal layer of cells,arises from which tissue system?

A) Vascular
B) Ground
C) Cork
D) Dermal
E) Pith

Question 16

A clone of the rain forest plant Zamioculcas zamiifolia (ZZ plant)can be grown from a single leaf,or even a piece of a leaf,of an adult ZZ plant.What plant characteristic makes it possible for the ZZ plant to do this?

A) Radial axis
B) Phytomers
C) Scattered vascular tissue
D) Totipotency
E) Rapid rate of development

Question 17

The repeating unit from which the shoots of flowering plants are constructed is called a

A) bud.
B) stem.
C) node.
D) polymer.
E) phytomer.

Question 18

In embryogenesis,the first mitotic division of the zygote forms two daughter cells that

A) are no longer totipotent.
B) have equal amounts of cytoplasm.
C) both become part of the plant embryo.
D) cease communicating with each other.
E) follow different developmental paths.

Question 19

An organism is undergoing development.Its cells migrate to different locations,forming three tissue layers that will eventually differentiate into organs.Is this organism most likely a plant or an animal,and why?

A) Plant,because its cells are able to migrate
B) Animal,because its cells are able to migrate
C) Plant,because its cells form into three tissue layers
D) Animal,because its cells form into three tissue layers
E) Could be either;distinctions begin to occur later in development

Question 20

During the later stages of plant embryogenesis,as the three tissue systems develop,the shape of the plant changes to express

A) a radial axis with lateral growth.
B) a radial axis and a cylindrical form.
C) a radial axis and a spherical form.
D) an apical‒basal axis and a cylindrical form.
E) an apical‒basal axis and a spherical form.

Question 21

Growth in the diameter of the stems and roots,which is produced by vascular and cork cambia,is called _______ growth.

A) modular
B) primary
C) secondary
D) tertiary
E) lateral

Question 22

When traveling through sieve tube elements,dissolved sugars and other substances move from sources to sinks by traveling

A) vertically,through the open ends of each sieve tube.
B) vertically,through sieve plates formed of plasmodesmata.
C) horizontally,from phloem cells oriented adjacent to each other.
D) horizontally,by combining with xylem so the products move together.
E) horizontally,from companion cells on one side to companion cells on the other side.

Question 23

The vascular system in plants is most analogous to which animal system?

A) Circulatory
B) Digestive
C) Excretory
D) Reproductive
E) Respiratory

Question 24

Which type of structure is not composed of ground tissue?

A) Bark
B) Wood
C) Xylem
D) Fibers
E) Storage structures

Question 25

A plant is found to have a mutation that prevents proper formation of its dermal tissue system during development.Which plant function will this mutation ultimately affect most strongly?

A) Plant support
B) Photosynthesis
C) Storage of sugars
D) Uptake of water and solutes
E) Transport of water and solutes

Question 26

The roots and shoots of plants show _______ growth,meaning that they continue to grow throughout life;in contrast,most leaves and flowers show _______ growth,meaning that they reach an adult state and stop growing.

A) determinate;indeterminate
B) complex;simple
C) simple;complex
D) indeterminate;determinate
E) incomplete;complete

Question 27

Herbivorous animals and insects prefer to graze on young,growing stems and leaves rather than on fully grown structures.These tender young plants are non-lignified and flexible,as opposed to the mature structures which have been strengthened by _______tissue.

A) xylem
B) periderm
C) sclerenchyma
D) parenchyma
E) collenchyma

Question 28

Hairlike structures on the leaf epidermis of certain plants can protect the plant against both excessive solar radiation and insect attack.These structures are called

A) thorns.
B) stipules.
C) bracts.
D) trichomes.
E) cotyledons.

Question 29

Plant growth in an oak tree results from

A) a single undifferentiated apical meristem.
B) single differentiated apical and root meristems.
C) single undifferentiated apical and root meristems.
D) an apical meristem that differentiates into three primary meristems.
E) an apical meristem that differentiates into three primary meristems plus lateral meristems.

Question 30

A plant that produces protoderm,ground meristem,and procambium,but does not produce lateral meristems,undergoes

A) primary growth only.
B) secondary growth only.
C) primary and secondary growth.
D) secondary and tertiary growth.
E) primary and secondary,but not woody,growth.

Question 31

A kind of grass has evolved to have very thick,reinforced cell walls,which make the plant very resistant to chewing by panda bears.This characteristic is most likely due to the presence in the grass leaves of

A) plasmodesmata.
B) deposits of lignin.
C) deposits of cellulose.
D) large numbers of parenchyma cells.
E) a highly developed vascular system.

Question 32

Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells differ in that collenchyma cells

A) are reinforced with lignin.
B) are organized into bundles.
C) provide support for the plant.
D) have unevenly thickened cell walls.
E) can have various shapes,including fibers.

Question 33

The presence of many _______ in a plant root allows the root to take up large quantities of water and dissolved nutrients.

A) trichomes
B) stomata
C) root hairs
D) fibers
E) sclereids

Question 34

An acorn sprouts and a baby oak tree begins to grow.It grows up to form a shoot and branches,and grows down to form branched roots.The best description for this oak tree's current growth is

A) primary growth.
B) secondary growth.
C) apoptosis.
D) geotropism.
E) heliotropism.

Question 35

A major function of ground tissue in a plant is

A) photosynthesis.
B) protection from herbivory.
C) long-distance water conduction.
D) long-distance sugar conduction.
E) anchoring of the plant in the ground.

Question 36

Which statement about primary growth is false?

A) It occurs in palms.
B) It occurs in eudicots and monocots.
C) It derives from the shoot apical meristem.
D) It functions primarily to increase the plant's thickness.
E) It involves the proliferation of roots and shoots through branching.

Question 37

What is the function of the companion cells adjacent to sieve tube elements?

A) They provide support.
B) They help in phloem cell reproduction.
C) They provide water and nutrients to the phloem.
D) They store sugars until phloem cells can receive them.
E) They perform many of the phloem's metabolic functions.

Question 38

What is a major difference between tracheids and vessel elements?

A) Tracheids are alive;vessel elements are dead.
B) Tracheids are dead;vessel elements are alive.
C) Tracheids are ground tissue;vessel elements are vascular tissue.
D) Tracheids are spindle-shaped;vessel elements are larger in diameter.
E) Tracheids transport sugars;vessel elements transport water and mineral ions.

Question 39

As a plant grows,it produces many axillary buds.These buds develop into new branches and leaves,which grow in both length and thickness.The axillary buds consist of

A) apical meristems.
B) lateral meristems.
C) root meristems.
D) cork cambium.
E) vascular cambium.

Question 40

The ground tissue cells responsible for photosynthesis are _______ cells.

A) sclerenchyma
B) parenchyma
C) collenchyma
D) periderm
E) xylem

Question 41

New plants can be formed from cuttings because nearly all plant cells are

A) totipotent.
B) determinate.
C) indeterminate.
D) differentiated.
E) undifferentiated.

Question 42

The taproot of plants such as carrots is used primarily for storage.This storage occurs in which region of the root?

A) Pith
B) Cortex
C) Pericycle
D) Epidermis
E) Endodermis

Question 43

In a eudicot,which structure arises from the root's procambium and forms a star-shaped pattern at the center of the root?

A) Pith
B) Cortex
C) Endodermis
D) Xylem
E) Root cap

Question 44

A plant develops many lateral roots and the main root thickens.This type of growth results from activity in the

A) cortex.
B) endodermis.
C) pericycle.
D) zone of elongation.
E) zone of maturation.

Question 45

In which sequence does an individual plant root cell develop?

A) Division,elongation,maturation
B) Division,maturation,elongation
C) Elongation,division,maturation
D) Elongation,maturation,division
E) Maturation,division,elongation

Question 46

The most rapid rate of cell division occurs in what part of the growing root?

A) Root tip
B) Quiescent center
C) The central portion
D) Near the bottom
E) Near the top

Question 47

Flowering plants have evolved many adaptations of their basic organs to adapt to specific environmental conditions.Which type of specialized root adaptation would be most advantageous for a woody plant living in a water-saturated environment?

A) Aerial roots that contain pneumatophores to absorb oxygen
B) Aerial roots that attach to rough surfaces such as rock or brick
C) Strangler roots that form a network around a host tree's roots
D) Parasitic roots that penetrate the vascular tissue of a host plant
E) Epiphytic roots that cling to and receive nutrients from the bark of a host plant

Question 48

What happens to the growing root when the cells of the root cap are eroded away?

A) The root begins to grow wider rather than lengthening.
B) Cells in other parts of the root migrate to form root cap cells.
C) The root cap cells are replaced by cell division and the root continues to grow.
D) The root keeps growing but it grows laterally instead of pushing downward.
E) The root stops growing because the root cap contains the meristem cells.

Question 49

Some plants have a root system that may be as much as 130 times larger than the shoot system.What is a major function of this vast root structure?

A) To support the aboveground plant structure
B) To enable regrowth if the shoot system is destroyed
C) To provide surface area for absorbing water and soil nutrients
D) To provide habitat for soil organisms that protect the plant
E) To provide protection against potentially damaging soil organisms

Question 50

Which region in a growing root is most directly responsible for pushing the root deeper into the soil?

A) Root cap
B) Root apical meristem
C) Zone of cell division
D) Zone of elongation
E) Zone of maturation

Question 51

Botanists often propagate plants by making a cutting: that is,by planting a section of the plant stem and waiting for it to form roots.The roots formed in this way are called

A) taproots.
B) fibrous roots.
C) adventitious roots.
D) embryonic roots.
E) primary roots.

Question 52

A mutant mustard plant cannot respond correctly to gravity,and its roots grow in an undirected fashion.The plant most likely has a defective

A) pericycle.
B) root cap.
C) endodermis.
D) apical meristem.
E) region of elongation.

Question 53

In the growing root,cells divide to form new cells in which region or regions?

A) Only in the apical meristem
B) In the apical meristem and zone of division
C) In the zone of elongation
D) In the zone of maturation
E) In all zones until root growth is complete

Question 54

A student observing a root cross section under the microscope sees a large central area of pith surrounded by rings of xylem and phloem.This plant is most likely a(n)

A) eudicot.
B) monocot.
C) woody plant.
D) young,undeveloped plant.
E) old plant with a dying root.

Question 55

Cell division in a primary root originates in which region of the root?

A) Throughout the root
B) Root cap
C) Zone of elongation
D) Zone of maturation
E) Root apical meristem

Question 56

Plant growth is generally indeterminate.This plant characteristic would be most useful to grasses in a meadow when they are exposed to

A) spring flooding.
B) constant grazing by cattle.
C) unseasonably cold weather.
D) extreme drought conditions.
E) insufficient nutrient supply.

Question 57

The root endodermis is able to control the flow of water and minerals entering the root's vascular tissue system because it contains

A) lignin.
B) suberin.
C) xylem.
D) phloem.
E) plasmodesmata.

Question 58

In the development of a root,the protoderm gives rise to the epidermis,which in turn may give rise to

A) suberin.
B) lateral roots.
C) root hairs.
D) storage cells.
E) meristem tissue.

Question 59

An apical meristem differentiates into three primary meristems: protoderm,ground meristem,and procambium.These,in turn,become the tissue systems of the mature root,which,in order from outside to inside,are the _______,_______,and _______.

A) dermal tissue;ground tissue;vascular tissue
B) dermal tissue;vascular tissue,ground tissue
C) ground tissue;vascular tissue;dermal tissue
D) ground tissue;dermal tissue;vascular tissue
E) vascular tissue;ground tissue;dermal tissue

Question 60

Plants can repair damaged tissues because they have

A) meristems.
B) stem cells.
C) vascular tissue.
D) stored tissues.
E) determinate growth.

Question 61

When the epidermis of a tree trunk flakes off,the single layer immediately underneath that is exposed is the

A) bark.
B) cork.
C) summer wood.
D) cork cambium.
E) vascular cambium.

Question 62

Bermuda grass grows rapidly and invades the surrounding area by sending root-forming stolons horizontally across the ground.This process represents the modification of a _______ for the purpose of _______.

A) root;support
B) root;protection
C) root;vegetative propagation
D) stem;support
E) stem;vegetative propagation

Question 63

In what way does the petiole of a eudicot leaf represent an adaptation of the leaf for photosynthesis?

A) It prevents the leaf from losing water.
B) It orients the leaf to receive maximum sunlight.
C) It contains the most photosynthetic cells.
D) It stores the products of photosynthesis.
E) It contains structures for gas exchange.

Question 64

Which leaf structures allow for gas exchange with the environment?

A) Stomata
B) Hairs
C) Cuticle
D) Stem
E) Epidermal cells

Question 65

In which of the following states would you be least likely to find clear annual rings in eudicot tree trunks?

A) Maine
B) Washington
C) Kansas
D) Alaska
E) Florida

Question 66

A scientist who has studied the aboveground growth of oak trees,particularly the process of secondary growth of the shoots,wants to conduct the same type of study on root growth in oak trees.What difference,if any,is she likely to find in oak roots as opposed to shoots?

A) A lack of pith,because roots are not woody
B) A lack vascular cambium,because roots do not transport
C) A lack of cork cambium,because roots do not increase in width
D) Additional surface area due to the production of root hairs
E) No significant differences

Question 67

Which factor is not an adaptation of leaves that helps support photosynthesis?

A) Ability to minimize water loss
B) Ability to orient toward the light
C) Ability to exchange gases with the environment
D) Structures to store the sugars produced
E) Vascular system to export sugars throughout the plant

Question 68

Seasonal growth of woody shoots includes

A) primary growth only.
B) secondary growth only.
C) activity of lateral meristems only.
D) activity of apical meristems only.
E) both primary and secondary growth.

Question 69

As cells divide on the sides of the shoot apical meristem,_______ arise(s)on the side and _______ arise(s)in between,forming new shoots.

A) pith;vascular bundles
B) leaf primordia;bud primordia
C) bud primordia;leaf primordia
D) leaf protoderm;shoot protoderm
E) shoot protoderm;leaf protoderm

Question 70

Wood and bark are created by

A) a speeding up of primary growth.
B) the growth of the two lateral meristems.
C) extensive water loss by stem tissues.
D) the secretion of hardening substances such as lignin.
E) the replacement of primary growth by secondary growth.

Question 71

Cork cells in a tree trunk prevent water loss because of the presence of

A) cutin.
B) lignin.
C) suberin.
D) cerumen.
E) mucopolysaccharide.

Question 72

A student views a cross section of a plant stem under a microscope.She decides that the plant must be a monocot,rather than a eudicot,because its vascular tissue

A) is arranged in vascular bundles.
B) contains phloem but not xylem.
C) contains xylem but not phloem.
D) has vascular bundles arranged in a circle.
E) has vascular bundles scattered throughout.

Question 73

Shoot and root meristems are alike in that they both

A) form vascular bundles containing both xylem and phloem.
B) form leaves and axillary buds.
C) have a protective structure at the tip of the axillary bud.
D) form three primary meristems.
E) have vascular bundles scattered throughout their cross section.

Question 74

Even the largest monocots like palm trees cannot approach the size of the largest woody eudicot species because they lack

A) bark.
B) xylem.
C) phloem.
D) primary growth.
E) secondary growth.

Question 75

Leaves have evolved primarily to

A) store food.
B) radiate heat.
C) collect water.
D) evaporate water.
E) conduct photosynthesis.

Question 76

The veins of a leaf consist of

A) stomata.
B) guard cells.
C) vascular cells.
D) epidermal cells
E) mesophyll cells.

Question 77

One way that leaves differ from stems and roots is that only leaves

A) can perform photosynthesis.
B) consist of a single layer of cells.
C) typically show finite growth.
D) lack a vascular system.
E) are formed from three primary meristems.

Question 78

A root or stem increases in diameter through secondary growth,which occurs through

A) division of primary xylem cells.
B) division of phloem cells.
C) division of vascular cambium cells.
D) elongation of phloem cells.
E) elongation of primary xylem cells.

Question 79

Cork cambium and cork together constitute a tissue known as periderm,which is classified as

A) primary dermal tissue.
B) primary vascular tissue.
C) secondary dermal tissue.
D) secondary vascular tissue.
E) secondary ground tissue.

Question 80

Plant leaves typically show determinate growth: that is,they reach a certain size and then stop growing.A researcher wishes to determine if leaf growth can be changed from determinate to indeterminate.In setting up an experiment to test this question,the researcher would have to alter the function of which plant part?

A) Blade
B) Mesophyll
C) Lateral meristem
D) Root apical meristem
E) Shoot apical meristem