Deck 17: Speciation

Question 1

What is an advantage that a lineage species concept has over the biological species concept?

A) Only a lineage species concept can be applied to cryptic species.
B) The biological species concept cannot be applied to sexually dimorphic species.
C) A lineage species concept can be applied to fossil specimens that span a large evolutionary time scale.
D) The biological species concept is difficult to apply when changing environmental conditions affect morphology.
E) The biological species concept emphasizes reproductive isolation,a property that is irrelevant to maintaining the morphological distinctiveness of most species.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Ginkgo trees are native to Asia but are now cultivated widely in North America.Thus,they are divided into two geographically separated groups.According to Mayr's framing of the biological species concept,these populations could be classified as belonging to the same species if they

A) are reproductively isolated.
B) have formed a large hybrid zone.
C) exchange genes across the Pacific Ocean.
D) have different evolutionary ancestries.
E) are still potentially capable of exchanging genes.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Several hundred species of Drosophila live in the Hawaiian Islands and nowhere else.These species are thus considered to be _______ to those islands.

A) sympatric
B) monophyletic
C) allopatric
D) endemic
E) idiopathic

Answer 3

D

Question 4

An evolutionary biologist who makes decisions about whether to consider different populations of lacewings as separate species based on observations of the individuals with which these lacewings will mate is most likely employing the _______ species concept.

A) biological
B) cryptic
C) morphological
D) Linnean
E) lineage

Question 5

The biological species concept does not apply to which group of organisms?

A) Birds
B) Mammals that form monogamous pair bonds
C) Asexual scale insects
D) Fungi that engage in sexual reproduction
E) Cryptic species

Question 6

Which statement best illustrates a common feature of all three types of species concepts?

A) Biological diversity does not vary in a smooth,incremental way.
B) In some cases,it may be difficult to predict whether incipient species will continue to diverge.
C) Virtually all species exhibit some degree of genetic recombination among individuals.
D) Hybrid zones may form if reproductive isolation is incomplete.
E) A single lineage may evolve over time without giving rise to a new species.

Question 7

The classification of organisms based on their appearance is an application of _______ species concept.

A) the biological
B) Mayr's
C) a lineage
D) Dobzhansky's
E) a morphological

Question 8

Which situation would pose a major difficulty for applying the biological species concept?

A) Five snail fossils taken from the same locality during a 400,000-year time span
B) Two populations of sexually reproducing insects that can be bred easily in the same location under field conditions
C) Two populations of sexually reproducing plants that can be bred easily in the same location under field conditions
D) Sexually dimorphic mating pairs of birds
E) Monomorphic mating pairs of birds

Question 9

Even trained biologists have difficulty telling females of Drosophila melanogaster and D.sechellia apart,and yet these species are reproductively isolated.Thus,these species are considered _______ species.

A) lineage
B) morphological
C) cryptic
D) Mayr's
E) Linnaean

Question 10

Which is a limitation of using only morphology to recognize species?

A) This approach requires detailed knowledge of genetics and mating behavior.
B) Morphological variation rarely reflects reproductive isolation.
C) Genetically identical clones are always morphologically identical.
D) Morphology cannot be used in field guides.
E) This approach will not distinguish cryptic species.

Question 11

The binomial system of nomenclature,which we still use to name species,was originated by

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Theodosius Dobzhansky.
C) Hermann Joseph Muller.
D) Ernst Mayr.
E) Carolus Linneaus.

Question 12

The biological species concept is most closely associated with which scientist?

A) Charles Darwin
B) Ernst Mayr
C) William Rice
D) Rosemary Grant
E) Carolus Linnaeus

Question 13

Which observation would pose the greatest challenge for applying a morphological species concept?

A) Lack of sexual reproduction in a population
B) Populations separated by geographic distance
C) Populations that cannot be bred in the lab
D) Sexual dimorphism
E) Fossils separated by time

Question 14

Phylogenetic information is most useful for _______ species concept.

A) the morphological
B) an allopatric
C) the biological
D) a lineage
E) a cryptic

Question 15

Which characteristic could not be used to determine the difference between two cryptic species of Hyla treefrogs?

A) Behavior
B) Genotype
C) Mating calls
D) Morphology
E) Ploidy level

Question 16

The _______ species concept holds that "species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups."

A) Darwinian
B) biological
C) morphological
D) Linnaean
E) natural populations

Question 17

Which is not a likely reason for the diversification of Lake Malawi cichilds?

A) Diet specialization
B) Habitat specialization
C) Polyploidy
D) Male competition for females
E) All of the above are reasons for the diversification.

Question 18

Differences in temperature and other environmental conditions can cause individuals of certain snail species to look different despite a lack of genetic divergence.This observation illustrates a limitation of using a strict _______ species concept.

A) lineage
B) morphological
C) cryptic
D) biological
E) None of the above;it does not represent a challenge.

Question 19

The biological species concept emphasizes whether populations

A) look the same.
B) share common ancestry.
C) have similar ecological requirements.
D) can have gene flow between them.
E) have similar biochemical pathways.

Question 20

Which statement about species concepts is true?

A) The various species concepts are mutually exclusive.
B) A lineage species concept can be used to study asexual organisms.
C) Biologists who use a lineage species concept reject the importance of reproductive isolation to speciation and the evolutionary process.
D) A lineage species concept cannot be applied to cryptic species.
E) The biological species concept species concept emphasizes the practical aspects of recognizing species.

Question 21

Which statement about the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation is true?

A) Empirical examples support the model.
B) It focuses on a single gene.
C) It includes a phase in which some individuals are reproductively incompatible with other individuals in the same population.
D) It cannot be applied to chromosomal rearrangements.
E) It is an application of the morphological species concept.

Question 22

Which evolutionary process was required for sympatric speciation in species such as the apple maggot fly?

A) Disruptive selection
B) Stabilizing selection
C) Genetic drift
D) Allopatry
E) Polyploidy

Question 23

Rhagoletis pomonella in New York's Hudson River Valley is separating into two different groups-one that lays eggs on apples and one that lays eggs on hawthorn fruits.This fly species is demonstrating

A) allopatric speciation.
B) speciation due to directional selection.
C) sympatric speciation due to their preference for either apple or hawthorn fruits.
D) the formation of new species by polyploidy.
E) the early stages of extinction.

Question 24

The Isthmus of Panama cut off gene flow between Atlantic and Pacific populations of a species of fish.The cessation of gene flow led to the accumulation of genetic differences between the populations,which led to reproductive isolation.Now Atlantic and Pacific populations of this fish are separate species,and even if they were again to come into contact with each other,they could not interbreed.This situation illustrates the phenomenon of

A) sympatric speciation.
B) Dobzhansky-Muller speciation.
C) allopatric speciation.
D) reinforcement.
E) temporal isolation.

Question 25

Darwin's finches originated in

A) North America.
B) South America.
C) Europe.
D) Australia.
E) Africa.

Question 26

Speciation resulting from the division of a population by a physical barrier is known as

A) reinforcement.
B) sympatric speciation.
C) Darwinian speciation.
D) the biological species concept.
E) allopatric speciation.

Question 27

Two species have genotypes aaBB and Aabb.Mating between these species leads to F₁ individuals that are sterile due to a Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility.Therefore,the genotype of the ancestral population could have been

A) AaBb.
B) AABb.
C) aabb.
D) Aabb.
E) AaBB.

Question 28

Which condition is least likely to lead to allopatric speciation?

A) A river dividing a population of small crickets
B) A deep gorge dividing a population of slow-moving snails
C) A mountain dividing a population of desert-dwelling mice
D) A lake dividing a population of butterflies
E) A land bridge dividing a population of tuna

Question 29

Which statement about Rhagoletis pomonella is true?

A) The apple- and hawthorn-feeding flies differ in their odor preferences.
B) The apple- and hawthorn-feeding flies can be considered incipient species because they show partial polyploidy.
C) The apple- and hawthorn-feeding flies emerge seasonally at approximately the same time.
D) The apple-laying fly is a distinct species from the hawthorn-laying fly.
E) Larvae of hawthorn-feeding flies grow more rapidly on apples than those of apple-feeding flies.

Question 30

Which mode of speciation is believed to be the dominant one among most groups of organisms?

A) Allopatric speciation
B) Sympatric speciation
C) Reinforcement
D) Hybrid speciation
E) Temporal speciation

Question 31

Which factor did not contribute to the genetic diversification of the Galápagos Island finches studied by Darwin?

A) Environmental conditions vary among the different islands.
B) Most of the islands are sufficiently distant from one another such that movement among their populations is limited.
C) The islands are only 100 km from Ecuador,so they receive a continual input of new genes from the mainland.
D) Occasional migrants to new islands rarely interbreed with endemic species.
E) Over time,the residents of each island have developed their own genetic distinctiveness.

Question 32

Which condition is least likely to lead to geographic isolation and allopatric speciation?

A) An eight-lane highway dividing a population of snails with limited mobility
B) A narrow,but deep,river dividing a population of hummingbirds
C) A narrow,but deep,river dividing a population of white-footed mice (not known for their swimming ability)
D) A patch of land bisecting a river and dividing a population of minnows
E) A mountain range dividing a population of moths

Question 33

Which sequence represents the most likely chronological order of events in the development of geographic speciation,from earliest to latest?

A) Formation of a geographic barrier,development of reproductive isolation,genetic divergence
B) Formation of a geographic barrier,genetic divergence,development of reproductive isolation
C) Genetic divergence,formation of a geographic barrier,development of reproductive isolation
D) Genetic divergence,development of reproductive isolation,formation of a geographic barrier
E) Development of reproductive isolation,genetic divergence,formation of a geographic barrier

Question 34

Which is an assumption of the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation?

A) The operation of natural selection
B) The principle of reinforcement
C) Temporal isolation
D) Chromosomal rearrangements,particularly centric fusions
E) Interaction between alleles at different loci

Question 35

Which statement about the evolution of reproductive isolation is false?

A) In some cases,complete reproductive isolation requires millions of years.
B) Reproductive isolation can evolve gradually in the lab,even if the researchers do not directly select for it.
C) Reproductive isolation tends to increase with increasing genetic distance.
D) Reproductive isolation is not "all-or-nothing";intermediate levels of reproductive isolation can be found.
E) Reproductive isolation evolves at about the same rate in nearly all groups of organisms.

Question 36

The different strains of Phlox drummondii growing in European nurseries illustrate that

A) in some cases,reproductive isolation requires millions of years.
B) speciation can occur without geographic isolation.
C) speciation can occur rapidly through allopolyploidy.
D) partial reproductive isolation has been documented in human history.
E) chromosomal rearrangements can result in reproductive isolation via the Dobzhansky-Muller model.

Question 37

The evolution of chromosomal rearrangements in Rhogeessa bats supports the role of _______ in speciation.

A) temporal isolation
B) autopolyploidy
C) the Dobzhansky-Muller model
D) gametic isolation
E) reinforcement

Question 38

What type of chromosomal rearrangements is involved in the reproductive isolation seen in Rhogeessa bats?

A) Inversions
B) Deletions
C) Chromosomal fissions
D) Chromosomal fusions
E) Translocations

Question 39

Which statement about Darwin's finches is true?

A) Several,but not all,of the finches eat mostly seeds.
B) There are more species of these finches than there are of the Hawaiian Drosophila.
C) They arose from at least three different mainland species.
D) They show little differentiation in their beak shape and differ mainly in their size.
E) None of the finches eat insects.

Question 40

Which statement about the Dobzhansky-Muller model of speciation is false?

A) It can involve interactions of genes.
B) It can involve combinations of chromosomal rearrangements.
C) It assumes that different mutations occur in each of two descendent lineages.
D) It assumes that selection acts differently in two descendent lineages.
E) It assumes genetic divergence.

Question 41

Which statement about polyploidy in plants is false?

A) Both tetraploid and diploid individuals can produce viable gametes.
B) Tetraploid plants can self-fertilize.
C) Tetraploid plants crossed with diploid plants can produce viable offspring.
D) Offspring from crosses between tetraploid plants and diploid plants are reproductively isolated.
E) Crosses between tetraploid and diploid individuals produce tetraploid offspring.

Question 42

The Bruce spanworm and the winter moth are two closely related moth species,but the former flies during the day and the latter flies mainly at night.These differences contribute to the reduction of hybridization between these species.Based on this information,which statement is true?

A) The moths exhibit postzygotic reproductive isolation.
B) The moths show temporal isolation.
C) The moths show habitat isolation.
D) The moths exhibit mechanical isolation.
E) Both a and b

Question 43

Females of the species Drosophila pseudoobscura respond less well to courtship signals from males of their close relative D.persimilis than they do to those of males of their own species.This is an example of _______ isolation.

A) behavioral
B) allopatric
C) mechanical
D) temporal
E) sympatric

Question 44

If reproductive isolation were always a binary function (i.e. ,if populations always exhibited either no reproductive isolation or complete reproductive isolation),which of the following could not exist?

A) Allopatric speciation
B) Behavioral isolation
C) Reinforcement
D) Temporal isolation
E) Allopolyploidy

Question 45

Which statement about mechanical isolating mechanisms is false?

A) They are prezygotic.
B) They may involve a pollinator in plants.
C) They can evolve by reinforcement.
D) They often involve differences in the shapes and sizes of reproductive organs of the different species.
E) They reduce the fitness of hybrids.

Question 46

Which circumstance is most likely to lead to speciation in only a couple of generations?

A) Polyploidy
B) Allopatric speciation
C) Reinforcement
D) Mechanical isolation
E) Gametic isolation

Question 47

Before transferring sperm to the female during mating,the males of some species of beetles use their copulatory organs to remove the sperm of other males.In cases in which a female mated first with a male of a different species,the male of her own species is particularly adept at removing the other male's sperm.This is an example of _______ isolation.

A) geographical
B) temporal
C) prezygotic
D) postzygotic
E) behavioral

Question 48

Which mechanism can lead to selection against hybridization?

A) Prezygotic isolation
B) Postzygotic isolation
C) Geographic barriers
D) Temporal isolation
E) None of the above

Question 49

Which conclusion is best supported by the results of the studies of apple maggot flies?

A) Speciation requires geographic barriers.
B) More than one type of reproductive isolation can evolve during speciation.
C) Allopolyploidy is a frequent cause of speciation.
D) Autopolyploidy is a frequent cause of speciation.
E) Genetic drift is the main force driving the evolution of reproductive isolation.

Question 50

Self-fertilization is common in many plant species but less common in animals.One consequence of this difference is that

A) reinforcement is much more likely in plants than in animals.
B) reinforcement is much more likely in animals than in plants.
C) the Dobzhansky-Muller model does not apply to plants.
D) new species can arise in plants through polyploidy much more easily than they can in animals.
E) new species can arise in animals through polyploidy much more easily than they can in plants.

Question 51

Suppose one incipient species of beetle prefers to live and mate in grassy areas and its sibling incipient species prefers sandy soils.This would be an example of _______ isolation.

A) temporal
B) habitat
C) postzygotic
D) mechanical
E) gametic

Question 52

What is the critical distinction between allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy?

A) Allopolyploidy involves disruptive selection.
B) Autopolyploidy involves disruptive selection.
C) The mode of speciation in allopolyploidy is allopatric rather than sympatric.
D) Autopolyploidy requires genetic contribution from two different parental species.
E) Allopolyploidy requires genetic contribution from two different parental species.

Question 53

The apple and the hawthorn groups of Rhagoletis flies display both behavioral and _______ isolation.

A) autopolyploidic
B) allopatric
C) gametic
D) temporal
E) mechanical

Question 54

Two species of monkeyflowers have diverged in the structure of their flowers such that they can no longer be effectively pollinated by the same pollinator species.This is an example of _______ isolation.

A) behavioral
B) allopatric
C) mechanical
D) temporal
E) sympatric

Question 55

Despite inhabiting overlapping ranges,the western spotted skunk and the eastern spotted skunk do not interbreed,partly because the western species breeds in early fall and the eastern species breeds in late winter to early spring.This is an example of _______ isolation.

A) chemical
B) gametic
C) postzygotic
D) temporal
E) mechanical

Question 56

If a tetraploid fern species hybridizes with a closely related diploid,the resulting progeny will most likely be

A) haploid.
B) diploid.
C) triploid.
D) tetraploid.
E) hexaploid.

Question 57

Two closely related species of tomatoes hybridize.Hybridization disrupts meiosis,but otherwise the hybrids are normal.What phenomenon likely explains this result?

A) Autopolyploidy
B) Allopolyploidy
C) Allopatric speciation
D) Mechanical isolation
E) Temporal isolation

Question 58

A diploid fish hybridizes with a closely related tetraploid.If the haploid number is 22,how many chromosomes would the hybrids be expected to have?

A) 11
B) 22
C) 44
D) 66
E) 88

Question 59

Which mechanism can lead to selection against hybridization?

A) Temporal isolation
B) Behavioral isolation
C) Mechanical isolation
D) Hybrid inviability
E) Habitat isolation

Question 60

Natural selection never directly favors the evolution of which type of reproductive isolating barrier?

A) Hybrid infertility
B) Gametic isolation
C) Behavioral isolation
D) Mechanical isolation
E) Temporal isolation

Question 61

Which prezygotic isolating mechanism occurs after mating?

A) Behavioral isolation
B) Gametic isolation
C) Mechanical isolation
D) Temporal isolation
E) Habitat isolation

Question 62

Mules are an example of which type of reproductive isolation?

A) Postzygotic isolation
B) Temporal isolation
C) Low hybrid zygote viability
D) Behavioral isolation
E) Mechanical isolation

Question 63

The Rice and Salt experiment with flies

A) involved flies mating near their chosen food sources.
B) showed that postzygotic,and not prezygotic,reproductive isolation had evolved.
C) showed that reproductive isolation took hundreds of generations to evolve.
D) modeled the evolution of a narrow hybrid zone.
E) modeled the evolution of a broad hybrid zone.

Question 64

The sperm of one species of sea urchin is chemically incompatible with the eggs of a closely related species.This type of reproductive isolating barrier is called

A) postzygotic isolation.
B) gametic isolation.
C) low hybrid zygote viability.
D) temporal isolation.
E) behavioral isolation

Question 65

Which is not a prezygotic reproductive isolating barrier?

A) Behavioral isolation
B) Mechanical isolation
C) Hybrid infertility
D) Temporal isolation
E) Gametic isolation

Question 66

Which type of reproductive isolating mechanisms would most likely arise from the coevolution of male and female reproductive organs in two sympatric populations of insects?

A) Behavioral
B) Temporal
C) Allopatric
D) Habitat
E) Mechanical

Question 67

Use the following to answer questions :
Two species of crickets have partially overlapping ranges.Hybrids are never found in the areas where the species meet.Individuals taken either from areas where they meet or areas where they do not meet will rarely mate in the lab because the females reject the songs sung by males of the other species.Of the few hybrids that are produced in lab crosses,all have low viability.
The two cricket species exhibit _______ reproductive isolation and _______ a hybrid zone.

A) only prezygotic;form
B) only prezygotic;do not form
C) only postzygotic;form
D) both prezygotic and postzygotic;form
E) both prezygotic and postzygotic;do not form

Question 68

In which reproductive isolating mechanism does the protein bindin play a role in sea urchins?

A) Low hybrid adult viability
B) Hybrid infertility
C) Gametic isolation
D) Behavioral isolation
E) Mechanical isolation

Question 69

Which factor is most likely to yield narrow hybrid zones?

A) Prezygotic,rather than postzygotic,reproductive isolation
B) Postzygotic,rather than prezygotic,reproductive isolation
C) Dispersal of organisms over short,rather than long,distances
D) Disperse of organisms over long,rather than short,distances
E) Weak,rather than strong,selection

Question 70

Suppose one rodent species prefers to live on the beach and a closely related species prefers to live on higher ground.Although each species has the capacity to move to the other location,they remain in their locations,and therefore they do not mate with one another.These species thus exhibit _______ isolation.

A) habitat
B) temporal
C) behavioral
D) mechanical
E) postzygotic

Question 71

Use the following to answer questions :
Two species of crickets have partially overlapping ranges.Hybrids are never found in the areas where the species meet.Individuals taken either from areas where they meet or areas where they do not meet will rarely mate in the lab because the females reject the songs sung by males of the other species.Of the few hybrids that are produced in lab crosses,all have low viability.
The two cricket species exhibit _______ isolation.

A) mechanical
B) behavioral
C) habitat
D) gametic
E) temporal

Question 72

Which statement about the hybrid zone between species of the European Bombina toad is false?

A) The hybrid toads often suffer skeletal abnormalities.
B) On average,the fitness of the hybrids found there is near that of the pure species.
C) The hybrid zone has persisted for a long time.
D) The toads inhabiting the zone are poor dispersers.
E) The hybrid zone is long and narrow.

Question 73

Which would not be a postzygotic isolation mechanism?

A) Abnormal meiosis following fertilization
B) Infertile hybrids
C) Reduced viability of hybrids
D) Abnormal mitosis following fertilization
E) Variation in mating pheromones

Question 74

In Rice and Salt's experiments,flies became reproductively isolated from one another mainly because of

A) chromosomal changes.
B) gene flow.
C) genetic drift.
D) evolved preferences for different habitats.
E) reinforcement.

Question 75

Refer to the diagram below showing different species of Bombina toads occupying different regions of Europe.A small area of overlap between these regions constitutes a hybrid zone.If individuals from differing populations overcome prezygotic reproductive barriers,additional postzygotic barriers may prevent the formation of stable hybrids.Based on the data shown below,which statement is true?

A) B.variegata individuals are moving into the range of B.bombina populations.
B) The ranges of the two species overlap in a long,wide hybrid zone.
C) The hybrid zone spreads from the middle of the range of overlap.
D) B.bombina does not like mountainous terrain.
E) The hybrid zone will likely persist for several generations of toads.

Question 76

Rank the following isolating mechanisms with respect to their time of occurrence in the reproductive process,from earliest to latest.

A) Low hybrid zygotic viability,gametic isolation,behavioral isolation
B) Low hybrid zygotic viability,behavioral isolation,gametic isolation
C) Behavioral isolation,low hybrid zygotic viability,gametic isolation
D) Behavioral isolation,gametic isolation,low hybrid zygotic viability
E) Gametic isolation,behavioral isolation,low hybrid zygotic viability

Question 77

A hybrid zone that has formed recently

A) will likely have mainly F₁ hybrids.
B) will be broad.
C) will impose weak selection.
D) is usually maintained by prezygotic reproductive isolation.
E) is usually maintained by postzygotic reproductive isolation

Question 78

Crosses between the flour beetles Tribolium castaneum and T.freemani result in large numbers of hybrids that survive but are sterile.This is an example of

A) low hybrid zygote viability.
B) behavioral isolation.
C) low hybrid adult viability.
D) postzygotic reproductive isolation.
E) reinforcement.

Question 79

Levin's studies suggest that differences in _______ among Phlox species act as a prezygotic isolating mechanism.

A) flowering time
B) flower color
C) pollen type
D) habitat use
E) pollen tube length

Question 80

Drosophila pseudoobscura and D.persimilis are two species of flies that live in the western United States.The geographic range of D.persimilis,which is much smaller than that of D.pseudoobscura,is enclosed within the range of D.pseudoobscura.Findings by Mohamed Noor and others show that D.pseudoobscura taken from areas that overlap with D.persimilis are less likely to mate with D.persimilis than are the D.pseudoobscura flies from populations that do not experience D.persimilis.What is the most likely explanation for these results?

A) Reinforcement
B) The Dobzhansky-Muller model
C) Temporal isolation
D) Habitat isolation
E) Gametic isolation