Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the ________.

A) unconditioned response
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) conditioned response
D) conditioned stimulus

Answer 1

conditioned stimulus

Question 2

A researcher trains a little boy to fear a rabbit by making a loud, frightening noise every time the boy approaches the rabbit. This type of learning is known as ________.

A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) vicarious learning

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

The transfer of a response from a natural stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus, is called ________.

A) modeling
B) desensitization
C) operant conditioning
D) classical conditioning

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the ________.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) conditioned response

Question 5

An originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response when presented alone is a(n) ________.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) reinforcer
C) antecedent
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the ________ and the conditioned stimulus is the ________.

A) cat food; cupboard door opening
B) cupboard door opening; cat food
C) cat food; kitchen
D) kitchen; cat food

Question 7

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the unconditioned response is ________.

A) the piece of music
B) the sound of the buzzer
C) listening to the music
D) an increased heartbeat

Question 8

Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with ________.

A) the Law of Effect
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) vicarious learning

Question 9

After conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented is a(n) ________.

A) conditioned response
B) unconditioned response
C) reflex
D) vicarious response

Question 10

The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as ________.

A) learning
B) intelligence formation
C) cognition
D) imprinting

Question 11

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the ________.

A) cupboard door opening
B) cat food
C) running of the cats
D) cat

Question 12

Learning is a process by which experience results in ________.

A) acquisition of motivation
B) delayed genetic behavioral contributions
C) amplification of sensory stimuli
D) relatively permanent behavior change or potential behavior change

Question 13

We associate the name ________ most closely with classical conditioning.

A) E. L. Thorndike
B) Albert Bandura
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 14

Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the ________.

A) cupboard door opening
B) running of the cats
C) cat food
D) cat

Question 15

The type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one type of stimulus is elicited by different, formerly neutral, stimulus is called ________.

A) classical conditioning
B) vicarious learning
C) cognitive restructuring
D) operant conditioning

Question 16

A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs is a(n) ________.

A) reflex
B) conditioned response
C) vicarious response
D) unconditioned response

Question 17

A researcher trains a dog to salivate to the sound of a bell by pairing the ringing of the bell with the presentation of meat. This type of learning is known as ________.

A) vicarious learning
B) operant conditioning
C) cognitive learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 18

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the meat was the ________.

A) unconditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 19

A type of learning that involves associating one event with another is called ________.

A) vicarious learning
B) latent learning
C) cognitive learning
D) conditioning

Question 20

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the ________.

A) conditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 21

Gloria, the star in the school play, must cry when her "father" tells her to leave home. During rehearsal, Gloria holds an onion near her eyes when her "father" tells her to leave. The onion serves as the ________ while being told to "leave home" is the ________.

A) US; UR
B) US; CS
C) CS; US
D) CS; UR

Question 22

"Every morning a train goes by my house at 6:30 when I am just sitting down to breakfast. Lately, however, the train has been coming by at 4:30 and I am having a terrible time getting back to sleep because I'm so hungry." In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

A) eating breakfast; hunger
B) the sound of the train; going back to sleep
C) the sound of the train; hunger
D) hunger; eating breakfast

Question 23

In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was the ________.

A) rat
B) loud noise
C) experimenter
D) laboratory

Question 24

In the Watson and Rayner study of Little Albert, the white rat was the ________ and the loud noise was the ________.

A) US; UR
B) CS; CR
C) CS; US
D) US; CS

Question 25

Pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus on only a portion of the learning trials is called ________.

A) partial reinforcement
B) shaping
C) intermittent pairing
D) sporadic pairing

Question 26

In the Watson and Rayner study of Little Albert, the UR was ________ and the CR was ________.

A) crying and crawling away; crying and crawling away
B) the loud noise; the white rat
C) crawling toward the rat and playing with it; crying and crawling away
D) crying and crawling away; crawling toward the rat and playing with it

Question 27

In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was fear of the ________.

A) rat
B) loud noise
C) laboratory
D) experimenter

Question 28

Which of the following statements is true?

A) In classical conditioning, the learning takes place most quickly if the pairings of the CS and US are separated by a moderate amount of time.
B) In classical conditioning, the learning occurs at about the same pace no matter how far apart the pairings of the CS and US are.
C) In classical conditioning, the learning takes place most quickly if the pairings of the CS and US are separated by a very long time.
D) In classical conditioning, the learning takes place most quickly if the pairings of the CS and US follow each other very rapidly.

Question 29

Classical conditioning has been demonstrated ________.

A) in humans and in other animals.
B) only in mammals
C) only in dogs
D) in all forms of animals except insects

Question 30

A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning that is designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation is known as ________ therapy.

A) psychoanalytic
B) desensitization
C) conditioned
D) response

Question 31

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the conditioned response is ________.

A) listening to the music
B) an increased heartbeat
C) the piece of music
D) the sound of the buzzer

Question 32

The use of intermittent pairing ________ the rate of learning while it ________ the final strength of the learned response.

A) reduces; reduces
B) increases; increases
C) increases; reduces
D) reduces; increases

Question 33

Wolpe's therapy for treating anxiety, which involves the pairing of relaxation training with a hierarchical list of fearful situations, is called ________.

A) desensitization
B) operant conditioning
C) shaping
D) aversive conditioning

Question 34

In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was ________.

A) Albert
B) the rat
C) the loud noise
D) the laboratory room

Question 35

Mary Cover Jones first demonstrated that children's fears can be ________.

A) unlearned through classical conditioning
B) unlearned through operant conditioning
C) learned through classical conditioning
D) learned through operant conditioning

Question 36

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

A) listening to the music; listening to the music
B) an increased heartbeat; an increased heartbeat
C) an increased heartbeat; listening to the music
D) listening to the music; an increased heartbeat

Question 37

One of the best known examples of classical conditioning was the Little Albert study, conducted by ________.

A) Watson
B) Pavlov
C) Skinner
D) Freud

Question 38

In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned response was fear of the ________.

A) rat
B) loud noise
C) laboratory
D) experimenter

Question 39

An experimenter attempting to classically condition a new behavior in a dog unintentionally presents the CS without the US several times during the conditioning process. She finds that this intermittent pairing ________.

A) increases the rate of learning and the strength of the final learned response
B) has no effect on the rate of learning or the strength of the final learned response
C) increases the rate of learning but decreases the strength of the final learned response
D) reduces the rate of learning and the strength of the final learned response

Question 40

Desensitization therapy is based primarily on the principles of ________.

A) vicarious learning
B) cognitive learning
C) classical conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an example of preparedness in conditioning?

A) Birds quickly learn to avoid drinking water that is the same color as water that previously made them ill.
B) Baby ducklings learn to recognize their mother's sight and call as they follow her around, and soon will follow nobody but their mother.
C) A child learns that brushing his teeth always results in praise from his parents.
D) Rats learn to avoid drinking water with a salty taste that previously made them ill.

Question 42

An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is ________.

A) cleaning up your room to get your parents' approval
B) blinking in response to a flash of light
C) sneezing in response to dust
D) pulling one's hand away from a flame

Question 43

Kevin is a good student. He studies hard because when he does he gets the teacher's approval. His studying behavior was probably learned through ________.

A) generalization
B) operant conditioning
C) classical conditioning
D) trial and error

Question 44

Operant conditioning operates on the principle that behaviors occur more often when they are ________.

A) modeled
B) punished
C) ignored
D) reinforced

Question 45

A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.

A) classical conditioning
B) social learning theory
C) biofeedback theory
D) operant conditioning

Question 46

Conditioned taste aversions are typically learned after ________ pairing(s) between the aversive food and the nauseous reaction to it.

A) only one
B) two to four
C) four to six
D) six to eight

Question 47

The process by which some stimuli, such as snakes, serve readily as conditioned stimuli for certain responses, such as fear in humans, is called ________.

A) the diathesis-stress model
B) mental set
C) response acquisition
D) preparedness

Question 48

The two researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are ________.

A) Freud and Perls
B) Skinner and Thorndike
C) Bandura and Ellis
D) Pavlov and Watson

Question 49

Spontaneous, voluntary behaviors that you engage in by choice are called ________ behaviors.

A) latent
B) vicarious
C) operant
D) manifest

Question 50

Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by ________.

A) trial and error
B) classical conditioning
C) aversive conditioning
D) operant conditioning

Question 51

Thorndike was known for his work with ________.

A) a Skinner box
B) a puzzle box
C) monkeys
D) modeling

Question 52

The person most closely associated with the development of desensitization therapy is ________.

A) John B. Watson
B) Joseph Wolpe
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 53

Operant conditioning is another name for ________.

A) Pavlovian conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) vicarious learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 54

Instrumental conditioning is another term for ________.

A) cognitive restructuring
B) classical conditioning
C) operant conditioning
D) vicarious learning

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an example of operantly learned behavior?

A) a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
B) a rat pressing a bar after receiving food for this behavior
C) a child doing her homework after she receives her teacher's approval for her behavior
D) a rat pressing a bar after avoiding a shock for this behavior

Question 56

The psychologist most closely associated with the concept of preparedness is ________.

A) Seligman
B) Wolpe
C) Bandura
D) Jones

Question 57

The idea that a behavior will increase or decrease based on the consequences that follow that behavior is crucial to ________.

A) operant conditioning
B) insight learning
C) vicarious learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 58

Researchers have discovered that many autoimmune disorders can be successfully controlled without drug treatments through the use of ________ procedures.

A) desensitization
B) operant conditioning
C) vicarious learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true?

A) Phobias are intense fears
B) People develop phobias to just about everything.Phobias are rational fear responses to dangerous things
C) Phobias can only be learned through operant conditioning.
D) We develop phobias to all triggers in the same manner.

Question 60

Conditioned taste aversions are found ________.

A) in humans and other animals with a well-developed sense of taste
B) only in nonhuman animals
C) in virtually all animals
D) only in humans

Question 61

The 5-year-old child of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child gets angry or upset, one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish. In fact, they seem to occur more often. We may assume that for this child his parents' fussing over him serves as a(n) ________.

A) unconditioned response
B) positive reinforcer
C) punisher
D) negative reinforcer

Question 62

Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) positive reinforcer
D) negative reinforcer

Question 63

At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D. C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of ________.

A) negative reinforcement
B) secondary learning
C) desensitization
D) shaping

Question 64

The person most closely associated with the law of effect is ________.

A) Thorndike
B) Pavlov
C) Watson
D) Skinner

Question 65

According to the law of effect, a behavior is most likely to be repeated when it is ________.

A) paired with a neutral stimulus
B) ignored
C) followed by reinforcement
D) preceded by reinforcement

Question 66

A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a(n) ________ reinforcer.

A) positive
B) secondary
C) primary
D) negative

Question 67

To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next, the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of ________.

A) secondary learning
B) modeling
C) negative reinforcement
D) shaping

Question 68

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired response is called ________.

A) modeling
B) negative reinforcement
C) shaping
D) classical conditioning

Question 69

A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti. The scolding stops when he picks up his fork. Stopping the scolding is an example of ________ reinforcement.

A) negative
B) tertiary
C) secondary
D) positive

Question 70

A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti. This is an example of ________ reinforcement.

A) extrinsic
B) higher-order
C) primary
D) positive

Question 71

Any stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a ________.

A) higher-order conditioner
B) situational artifact
C) reinforcer
D) cue

Question 72

The self-modification step in which one focuses on the behavior to be acquired rather than the behaviors to be eliminated is called ________.

A) identifying the target behavior
B) imprinting
C) preparedness
D) a response set

Question 73

Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a(n) ________.

A) aversive stimulus
B) punisher
C) negative reinforcer
D) antecedent

Question 74

A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is a(n) ________ reinforcer.

A) secondary
B) primary
C) additive
D) positive

Question 75

Positive reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the behavior preceding it will happen again while negative reinforcement ________ the likelihood that the preceding behavior will happen again.

A) decreases; decreases
B) decreases; increases
C) increases; increases
D) increases; decreases

Question 76

A "Skinner box" is most likely to be used in research on ________.

A) operant conditioning
B) cognitive learning
C) vicarious learning
D) classical conditioning

Question 77

A budding author wishes to improve her typing. Which of the following would be least helpful in a program to help her reach her goal?

A) giving herself reinforcement each time she consistently improves in either speed or accuracy
B) keeping a careful record of her current rates of speed and accuracy
C) punishing herself whenever she fails to achieve the goals she has set for herself
D) deciding on specific improvements she wishes to make in speed and accuracy

Question 78

Which of the following steps is the basic principle of self-modification of behavior?

A) Provide yourself with a positive reinforcer that is contingent upon specific improvements in the target behavior.
B) Decide what behavior you want to acquire.
C) Monitor your present behavior.
D) Define the target behavior precisely.

Question 79

Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.

A) positive reinforcer
B) antecedent
C) negative reinforcer
D) punisher

Question 80

A box used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a ________ box.

A) Skinner
B) Watson
C) trial
D) response