Exam 5: Learning

A reinforcer can be anything that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of the response being repeated.

A person is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new fears result from ________.

In an experiment, the pupils of subjects' eyes contracted when a bright light was shown. After continual pairing of the bright light with the sound of a bell, subjects' pupils contracted when they heard the bell. After pairing the sound of the bell with the experimenter's verbal instruction "Contract," pupil contraction occurred with just the verbal instruction. In this entire study, the conditioned stimulus is (stimuli are) the ________.

Each of the following is true of biofeedback except ________.

A type of learning that involves associating one event with another is called ________.

In Bandura's classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting an inflated doll, children who saw the model ________.

A variable-ratio schedule produces a high response rate over a long period of time.

Explain the goals and results of the Little Albert study. Also, describe other efforts to apply classical conditioning principles to humans, such as desensitization.

Biofeedback is an application of ________.

The transfer of a response from a natural stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus, is called ________.

Briefly discuss the focus of cognitive learning theorists and describe some representative research used to support their views.

Learned helplessness can only occur in animals, not in humans.

Each of the following makes punishment more effective except when it is ________.

Punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behavior they learned by observing those models is called ________ punishment.

Social learning theorists focus on vicarious, or observational, learning.

When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ________.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the ________.

The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called a ________.

The process in which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously is called ________.

Abigail is trying to figure out how she can best use employee pay to shape her employees' behavior. She is interested in short-term productivity (speed), not consistency, long-term productivity, or employee turnover. According to reinforcement theory, she should use a ________ schedule.