Deck 25: The Urinary System

Question 1

The shortest portion of the male urethra is the _____.

A) spongy urethra
B) membranous (intermediate) urethra
C) prostatic urethra
D) penile urethra

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule):

A) forms the outermost (superficial) wall of the capsule.
B) contains cells called podocytes.
C) consists of extracellular material.
D) none of these choices

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Normally, urine is prevented from backing up into the ureters from a full bladder due to:

A) gravity.
B) hydrostatic pressure from the renal pelvis.
C) sphincters (anatomical valves) at the junctions of the ureters and bladder.
D) physiological valves where pressure in the bladder compresses oblique openings into the ureters.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following structures is NOT a portion of a nephron?

A) vasa recta
B) nephron loop (loop of Henle)
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) proximal convoluted tubule

Question 5

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the position of which organ?

A) spleen
B) pancreas
C) lung
D) liver

Question 6

Three layers of tissue surround each kidney. They are, in order from innermost (deepest) to outermost (most superficial):
1) renal capsule
2) visceral peritoneum (serosa)
3) adipose capsule
4) renal fascia

A) 1, 3, 4
B) 2, 3, 4
C) 1, 3, 2
D) 4, 3, 1

Question 7

Cortical nephrons lack one portion of the renal tubule that is found in juxtamedullary nephrons, the:

A) thick segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
B) thin segment of the ascending limb of the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
C) proximal convoluted tubule.
D) distal convoluted tubule.

Question 8

A nephron consists of two parts:

A) renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
B) glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
C) proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
D) glomerulus and collecting duct.

Question 9

Which structure(s) is/are made of skeletal muscle?

A) detrusor muscle (intermediate muscularis)
B) internal urethral sphincter
C) external urethral sphincter
D) detrusor muscle (intermediate muscularis) and external urethral sphincter

Question 10

Trace the route of an oxygenated red blood cell from the time it passes into the kidney in a renal artery until it enters a venule as a deoxygenated red blood cell by placing the following vessels in their correct order:
1) segmental artery
2) arcuate artery
3) interlobar artery
4) peritubular capillary
5) afferent arteriole
6) peritubular venule
7) efferent arteriole
8) cortical radiate artery
9) glomerular capillaries

A) 1, 3, 2, 8, 5, 9, 7, 4, 6
B) 3, 2, 1, 8, 4, 7, 9, 5, 6
C) 1, 8, 2, 3, 7, 9, 5, 4, 6
D) 1, 2, 3, 8, 5, 9, 7, 6, 4

Question 11

The two portions of a nephron that commonly contribute to the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the:

A) glomerulus and distal convoluted tubule.
B) descending limb of nephron loop (loop of Henle) and efferent arteriole.
C) final part of ascending limb of nephron loop (loop of Henle) and afferent arteriole.
D) glomerulus and collecting duct.

Question 12

The concave border of the kidney faces the

A) vertebral column
B) diaphragm
C) pelvis
D) urinary bladder

Question 13

Which of the following structures would not be located entering/exiting the renal hilum?

A) blood vessel
B) lymphatic vessel
C) nerve
D) urethra

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the location of the kidneys?

A) They are partially protected by the floating ribs (11^th and 12^th pairs).
B) The left kidney is slightly lower than the right.
C) They are located between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen.
D) They are situated between the levels of the last thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae.

Question 15

In severe cases of urinary incontinence, a suprapubic catheter (a tube placed in the bladder from the anterior abdominal wall) is used to aid in voiding urine. With the placement of this catheter, urine does not pass through the:

A) nephron
B) ureters
C) urethra
D) renal pelvis

Question 16

The urinary bladder is posterior to the pubic symphysis in males. In females, the urinary bladder is posterior to the vagina.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The second statement is true; the first is false.

Question 17

The internal urethral sphincter is formed by circular smooth muscle. The external urethral sphincter is derived from voluntary skeletal muscle.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The second statement is true; the first is false.

Question 18

Which of the following structures normally transport blood?
1) glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
2) glomerulus
3) efferent arteriole
4) nephron loop (loop of Henle)
5) collecting duct
6) vasa recta

A) 1, 4 and 5
B) 2, 3 and 6
C) 4 and 5 only
D) 3 and 6 only

Question 19

Juxtaglomerular cells:

A) have receptors for both antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone.
B) are found in the macula densa.
C) are modified smooth muscle fibers (cells) in the wall of the afferent arteriole.
D) are found in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting duct.

Question 20

The lining of the male urethra contains:

A) transitional epithelium.
B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
C) stratified squamous epithelium.
D) all of these choices

Question 21

There are three openings into the urinary bladder: a pair of ureteral openings and an internal urethral orifice.

Question 22

The renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, and distal convoluted tubule of a nephron are located within the renal cortex.

Question 23

A patient who suffers from chronic bladder infections could eventually develop a more serious kidney infection. Which structure is responsible for the spread of the inflammation?

A) urethra
B) physiological valve between bladder and ureter
C) external urethral sphincter
D) internal urethral sphincter

Question 24

The kidneys are located within peritoneum cavity of the abdomen.

Question 25

The renal cortex contains the renal corpuscles and most parts of the renal tubules except for the nephron loops (loops of Henle) of the juxtamedullary nephrons.

Question 26

The kidneys contain more cortical nephrons than juxtamedullary nephrons.

Question 27

Approximately 50% of the resting cardiac output is received by the kidneys.

Question 28

The distal (last) region of a ureter has only two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis.

Question 29

The kidneys release glucose to maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Question 30

The female urethra opens between the clitoris and the vaginal opening.

Question 31

The fetal kidneys begin excreting urine by the third month of development, thus contributing most of the volume of the amniotic fluid.

Question 32

The indentation on the concave border of each kidney is the renal _____.

Question 33

_____ is an enzyme released by the kidney which indirectly causes an increase in blood pressure.

Question 34

The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two urethras, one urinary bladder, and one ureter.

Question 35

The process of tubular reabsorption rids the body of some materials such as hydrogen ions and ammonium ions and some drugs such as penicillin.

Question 36

The kidneys produce two hormones: calcitrol and calcitonin.

Question 37

All nephron loops (loops of Henle) receive their blood supply from the vasa recta.

Question 38

List the functions of the urinary system.

Question 39

A renal papilla is located at the base (wider end) of each renal pyramid.

Question 40

The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 41

What is the structure that is indicated on the diagram?

A) right renal artery
B) left renal vein
C) left ureter
D) left urethra

Question 42

What is the structure indicated in the diagram?

A) mesangial cells
B) pedicels
C) parietal layer of capsule
D) macula densa

Question 43

When mesangial cells relax, the surface area of the glomerulus increases causing glomerular filtration to increase.

Question 44

Aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone target the principle cells of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Question 45

After birth, growth of nephrons is due to hypertrophy not hyperplasia.

Question 46

Potassium ions (K⁺) secreted from tubule cells into the tubular fluids help control blood pH.

Question 47

Describe the three coats that make up the wall of the urinary bladder, from innermost (deepest) to outermost (most superficial).

Question 48

The filtration membrane consists of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes that surround the glomerulus.

Question 49

The kidney has more major calyces than minor calyces.

Question 50

Urine formation involves three processes. Define them and name the regions of the nephron and blood supply involved in each process.

Question 51

What structure is the arrow is pointing to?

A) suprarenal gland
B) adipose capsule
C) quadratus lumborum
D) peritoneum

Question 52

The renal cortex is deep to the renal medulla.

Question 53

At the base of each renal pyramid, the interlobar arteries arch between the medulla and cortex to become the _____ arteries.

A) cortical radiate
B) arcuate
C) segmental
D) renal

Question 54

What is the structure indicated in the diagram?

A) renal pelvis
B) minor calyx
C) renal vein
D) major calyx

Question 55

The major blood vessel that supplies the kidney with blood from the heart is the renal artery.

Question 56

The portion of the renal cortex that extends between the renal pyramids are the

A) renal papilla
B) renal columns
C) renal medulla
D) papillary duct

Question 57

The proximal convoluted tubule cells have microvilli on their apical surface to assist in reabsorption and secretion.

Question 58

The first branch of the renal artery is the

A) arcuate artery
B) interlobar artery
C) segmental artery
D) efferent arteriole

Question 59

Describe the layers through which a substance will pass when moving from glomerular blood into filtrate of the capsular space.

Question 60

What is the structure or area that the arrow is pointing to?

A) peritoneum
B) internal urethral sphincter
C) detrusor muscle
D) trigone

Question 61

A common effect of aging is _____, increased frequency of urination at night.

Question 62

The inner lining of the ureter secretes _____ to prevent the cells lining the ureter from being damaged by urine.

Question 63

Which of the following is least likely to affect filtration in the glomerulus?

A) efferent arteriole diameter is smaller than afferent arteriole.
B) large surface area of the glomerulus.
C) fenestrations cause the membrane to be leaky.
D) low blood pressure in the glomerulus.

Question 64

Waste passes from the renal pelvis into this structure, which removes the waste from the kidney.

Question 65

The movement of water and solutes across blood capillaries into the renal capsule is

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) tubular secretion

Question 66

The movement of water and solutes from the kidney tubules into the bloodstream is

A) glomerular filtration
B) tubular reabsorption
C) tubular secretion

Question 67

Which segment of the renal tubule is composed of simple squamous epithelium?

A) proximal convoluted tubule (CT)
B) nephron loop: descending limb and thin ascending limb
C) nephron loop: thick ascending limb
D) distal convoluted tubule

Question 68

Peritubulular capillaries surround parts of the nephron in the renal cortex. The vasa recta surrounds portions of the nephron in the renal medulla.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The second statement is true; the first is false.

Question 69

The movement of substances through the epithelial cells and then into the peritubular capillaries is _____ reabsorption.

Question 70

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of which arrangement and type of muscle fibers?
1) circular
2) longitudinal
3) oblique
4) smooth
5) skeletal

A) 1 and 4
B) 2 and 4
C) 2 and 5
D) 1, 2, and 5
E) 1, 3 and 5

Question 71

______ is defined by excess excretion of glucose in the urine.

Question 72

Which of the following is least likely to affect urine flow in the ureters?

A) peristaltic contractions
B) hydrostatic pressure
C) blood pressure
D) gravity

Question 73

The mass of the kidney decreases in size as an individual ages.

Question 74

Which of the following substances would be least likely to pass through the fenestrations in the endothelial cells of the glomerulus?

A) sodium ions
B) water
C) proteins
D) glucose

Question 75

The _____ _____ is a layer of material between the endothelium of the glomerulus and the podocytes. It contains a negatively charged glycoprotein matrix, which repels larger negatively charged proteins.