Deck 11: Ingestive Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is a potent stimulus for producing pure hypovolemia,but not osmometric thirst?

A) loss of fluid volume from brain cells
B) ingestion of a large meal
C) loss of blood after an automobile trauma
D) ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips
E) evaporation from the skin.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: Loss of blood after an automobile trauma is a potent stimulus for producing pure hypovolemia,but not osmometric thirst.

Question 2

Which of the following is an essential element of all regulatory systems?

A) satiety mechanisms
B) positive feedback
C) anticipatory satiety
D) negative feedback
E) ingestive mechanisms

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following is the systems variable in a regulatory system such as a cooking oven?

A) the timer mechanism
B) the thermostat within the oven
C) the oven light
D) the air temperature in the oven
E) the highest temperature achieved by the oven

Answer 3

D
Explanation: The systems variable in a regulatory system such as a cooking oven the air temperature in the oven.

Question 4

The ______ and _____ fluid compartments must be regulated within precise limits.

A) transvascular; interstitial
B) intracellular; cerebrospinal
C) extracellular; intracellular
D) intravascular; intracellular
E) interstitial; intracellular

Question 5

Which of the following is a strong stimulus for producing osmometric thirst?

A) evaporation from the lungs during the winter months
B) vomiting during illness
C) loss of blood after an automobile trauma
D) ingestion of a bag of salted potato chips
E) infusion of blood into the vascular system

Question 6

To maintain proper fluid balance,the body contains two sets of receptors: one measures volume of the ________,and the other records the volume of the ________.

A) cerebrospinal fluid; cells
B) extracellular fluid; cells
C) blood; cells
D) interstitial fluid; intravascular compartment
E) sodium ions; blood

Question 7

The term ______ means "standing between."

A) extracellular
B) cerebrospinal.
C) interstitial.
D) cytoplasmic.
E) intravascular

Question 8

The process of ________ regulates the fluid that bathes our cells.

A) positive feedback
B) homeostasis
C) hemostasis
D) hypovolemia
E) osmogenesis

Question 9

The volume of blood in the body must be regulated because

A) reduced blood volume causes water to move out of cells.
B) reduced blood volume can cause water to move into cells.
C) low blood volume can lead to better pumping action of the heart.
D) low blood volume can lead to heart failure.
E) high blood pressure can lead to better pumping action of the heart.

Question 10

________ thirst refers to drinking provoked by loss of blood plasma.

A) Osmometric
B) Volumetric
C) Extravascular
D) Intravascular
E) Transvascular

Question 11

A key stimulus that evokes hypovolemic thirst is

A) lack of renin in the blood.
B) loss of intracellular water.
C) increased sodium within the preoptic region.
D) reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
E) increased blood flow to the kidneys.

Question 12

Water loss from the body through evaporation would most likely result in

A) loss of salt from the plasma.
B) a decreased concentration of solute within the interstitial fluid.
C) movement of water out of the cells.
D) a gain of interstitial fluid.
E) hypovolemic thirst but not osmometric thirst.

Question 13

About two-thirds of the body's water is contained within the ________ fluid.

A) intravascular
B) intracellular
C) extracellular
D) interstitial
E) transvascular

Question 14

The optimal value of the system variable in a homeostatic system is termed the

A) correctional mechanism.
B) thermostat.
C) set point.
D) detector.
E) homeostatic variable.

Question 15

Research by Egan and others has suggested that osmoreceptors are located within the

A) amygdala.
B) medial hypothalamus.
C) cerebral aqueduct.
D) medial orbitofrontal cortex.
E) anteroventral tip of the third ventricle.

Question 16

An aqueous solution whose solute concentration is less than that of the intracellular fluid is termed

A) cytoplasmic.
B) isotonic.
C) hypovolemic.
D) hypertonic.
E) hypotonic.

Question 17

Because there can be a long delay between ingestion and the digestion/assimilation of a substance into a system,a ________ is needed to help regulate ingestive behavior.

A) satiety mechanism
B) set point
C) positive feedback loop
D) negative feedback factor
E) correctional mechanism

Question 18

Carrie was underweight as a baby,and in grade school she began to

A) engage in self-mutilation.
B) overeat and gain weight.
C) show depression.
D) view herself as underweight.
E) show fits of violence.

Question 19

Osmoreceptors are specialized neurons that detect

A) changes in solute concentration of the interstitial fluid.
B) osmotic pressure within the blood plasma.
C) angiotensin concentration in the blood.
D) the concentration of renin within the blood.
E) blood plasma solute concentration.

Question 20

Organisms can achieve water balance via consumption of ________ and ________.

A) water; sodium chloride
B) sodium chloride; carbohydrates
C) water; minerals
D) fats; carbohydrates
E) proteins; water

Question 21

Which of the following is a known physiological effect of angiotensin II?

A) consumption of glucose
B) release of water and salt into the urine
C) decreased blood pressure
D) consumption of salt
E) increased blood flow within the skin

Question 22

Ghrelin is a neuropeptide secreted from the ________ that functions to ________.

A) stomach; initiate eating
B) pancreas; inhibit eating
C) liver; suppress insulin secretion
D) duodenum; control CCK levels in the plasma
E) PVN; inhibit eating

Question 23

Which of the following helps to explain why it is a bad idea to skip breakfast?

A) Skipping breakfast releases leptin, which activates hunger neurons in brain.
B) Fuel absorption is faster in the morning than in the afternoon.
C) The minerals eaten in a typical breakfast are important for energy metabolism.
D) The liver carbohydrate reserve can only be refilled during the morning.
E) The liver holds a limited amount of glucose for use by the brain, and this supply can be depleted after an overnight fast.

Question 24

The ______ is a neural region in front of the anterior commissure that is sensitive to information from the subfornical organ and that communicates with motor neurons that control drinking.

A) lateral hypothalamus
B) median preoptic nucleus
C) median amygdala
D) nucleus accumbens
E) fornix

Question 25

Injection of insulin into the body results in

A) eating.
B) the secretion of glucagon.
C) conditioned satiety.
D) lipoprivation.
E) nausea and vomiting.

Question 26

Match up the correct behavior with its antecedent condition.

A) insulin; sexual behavior
B) insulin; drinking
C) methyl palmoxirate; drinking
D) insulin; eating
E) 2-DG; drinking

Question 27

The carbohydrate reservoir in the liver is primarily reserved for

A) the central nervous system.
B) the activation of nonshivering thermogenesis.
C) the muscles.
D) the liver.
E) formation of amino acid neurotransmitters.

Question 28

Angiotensin II stimulates drinking by acting on cells within the

A) kidney.
B) nucleus of the solitary tract.
C) lateral hypothalamus.
D) subfornical organ.
E) atria of the heart.

Question 29

Which of the following is correct regarding the role of the liver in the regulation of eating?

A) Activation of lipid metabolism within the liver leads to eating.
B) Cutting the vagal afferent outputs of the liver does not alter the effects of hepatic portal 2-DG on eating.
C) Glucoprivation within the liver after 2-DG leads to eating.
D) The brain receives hunger signals from the liver via the pudendal nerve.
E) The liver receives signals from the brain to release insulin after a meal.

Question 30

Our short-term fuel reservoir is contained in cells located within the

A) adipose tissue.
B) stomach.
C) liver and muscles.
D) pancreas.
E) duodenum.

Question 31

An example of an environmental stimulus that could trigger eating is

A) the smell of dirt. .
B) the sight of a Home Depot sign..
C) a broken clock..
D) the sight of a plate of food.
E) the sound of traffic noise.

Question 32

The detectors for fatty acids are located within the

A) liver.
B) duodenum.
C) gut.
D) brain tissue surrounding the fourth ventricle.
E) pancreas.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the signals that stop a meal?

A) There are at least two sources of satiety signals that act to stop a meal.
B) Short-term satiety signals are generated from adipose tissue.
C) Leptin represents a short-term satiety signal.
D) Long-term satiety signals are generated by the consequences of eating a meal.
E) There is one satiety signal.

Question 34

Detectors for glucose are located within the

A) liver.
B) duodenum.
C) gut.
D) cerebellum.
E) stomach.

Question 35

Eating is initiated by secretion of ________ from the ________.

A) insulin; stomach
B) ghrelin; stomach
C) insulin; hypothalamus
D) ghrelin; hypothalamus
E) CCK; hypothalamus

Question 36

Which of the following is true of ghrelin?

A) Fasting reduces blood levels of ghrelin.
B) Blood levels of ghrelin are increased after a meal.
C) Infusion of ghrelin into the brain stimulates food intake.
D) Infusion of ghrelin into the gut suppresses the secretion of glucagon.
E) Ghrelin knockout mice are anorexic and lose body weight.

Question 37

A unique feature of the _____ is that these cells do NOT require insulin in order to transport glucose across the cell membrane.

A) liver cells
B) cells of the brain
C) muscle cells
D) pancreatic cells
E) cardiac cells

Question 38

________ is the key factor that controls the absorptive phase of metabolism.

A) CCK
B) Leptin
C) Glucagon
D) Insulin
E) Glycerol

Question 39

Our long-term fuel reservoir is filled with ________ and is located in ________.

A) triglycerides; the liver
B) glycogen; the brain
C) triglycerides; fat cells
D) insulin; the pancreas
E) glycogen; the liver

Question 40

________ is secreted by pancreatic cells in response to ________.

A) Amylin; the entry of fat into the duodenum
B) Glucagon; a rise in blood glucose
C) Insulin; a fall in blood glucose
D) Glucagon; a fall in blood glucose
E) Leptin; a fall in blood glucose

Question 41

A key effect of ghrelin that results in the stimulation of eating is to

A) cause the stomach to release less ghrelin.
B) activate CCK receptors in the brain.
C) activate NPY neurons within the hypothalamus.
D) decrease the release of NPY in the hypothalamus.
E) increase the entry of insulin into the brain.

Question 42

Which of the following is correct regarding leptin?

A) Ob mice lack the gene that codes for ghrelin.
B) Leptin produces a decrease in metabolic rate.
C) Leptin stimulates eating.
D) Leptin levels in the blood are proportional to the fat stores of the body.
E) leptin release is stimulated by the entry of food into the duodenum.

Question 43

Which pair of peptides contained within the lateral hypothalamus is thought to increase eating?

A) insulin and CCK
B) serotonin and CCK
C) NPY and orexin
D) orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone
E) CCK and ghrelin

Question 44

Which terms are synonymous?

A) orexins; hypocretins
B) NPY; CCK
C) adrenaline; noradrenaline
D) insulin; glucagon
E) satiety; hunger

Question 45

Which of the following is correct regarding the lateral hypothalamus?

A) Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating.
B) Reduced eating is noted after injection of lipid into the lateral hypothalamus.
C) Substance P containing neurons from the arcuate nucleus synapse onto orexin neurons within the lateral hypothalamus.
D) The lateral hypothalamus can alter sexual motivation.
E) Obesity is the result of damage to the lateral hypothalamus.

Question 46

The ob mouse becomes obese because it lacks the gene that normally produces

A) CCK.
B) leptin.
C) insulin.
D) NPY.
E) glutamate.

Question 47

Experiments by Deutsch and colleagues allowed rats to eat until they were satiated and then withdrew a few milliliters of diet from their stomach using an implanted catheter.After the withdrawal,the rats

A) ate until they became obese.
B) reported no hunger pangs.
C) showed evidence of continued short-term satiety.
D) experienced periodic feelings of hunger.
E) ate enough food to replace that withdrawn from the stomach.

Question 48

Which situation below would be expected to produce the largest degree of stomach fullness?

A) placing a small volume of food directly into the stomach
B) swallowing a mouthful of food that then exits via the esophagus
C) swallowing a mouthful of food that is restricted to the stomach
D) chewing a bite of food and then spitting it out
E) distension of the stomach by an inflatable bag, in combination with infusion of nutrients directly into the duodenum

Question 49

Which of the following is true of the ob mouse?

A) The ob mouse develops obesity at weaning.
B) The ob mouse has a fast metabolism.
C) Fat cells in the ob mouse fail to produce leptin.
D) The obesity of the ob mouse can be reversed by daily injections of insulin..
E) The ob mouse fails to secrete ghrelin

Question 50

Insulin in the blood appears to be interpreted by the brain as

A) a hunger signal.
B) an indicator of the entry of fat into the duodenum.
C) an indicator that the body is in the absorptive phase of metabolism.
D) a satiety signal.
E) a signal that the body requires food.

Question 51

Electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus

A) produces eating and drinking.
B) inhibits food intake.
C) produces sham feeding.
D) elicits repetitive chewing movements.
E) is an intensely aversive stimulus.

Question 52

Mice that lack insulin receptors in the ________ are prone to ________.

A) brain; enhanced thermogenesis
B) brain; altered metabolism
C) brain; develop obesity
D) gut; reject a high-fat diet
E) gut; develop obesity

Question 53

Electrolytic lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus ________ whereas electrical stimulation ________.

A) impair sexual behavior; elicits repetitive bouts of copulation
B) inhibit eating; produces overeating
C) elicit repetitive bouts of copulation; impairs sexual behavior
D) produce overeating to obesity; inhibits eating
E) activate thermogenesis; induces shivering

Question 54

In the experiment by Tordoff and Friedman (1988),reduced eating in a hungry rat was noted after

A) infusions of glucose or fructose into the hepatic portal vein.
B) removal of nutrients from the stomach.
C) the investigators cut the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve.
D) placement of nutrients directly into the stomach.
E) 2-DG was injected into the hepatic portal vein.

Question 55

The effects of NPY on eating are due to activation of ________ localized within the ________.

A) MCH neurons; lateral hypothalamus
B) glutamate receptors; lateral hypothalamus
C) NMDA receptors; amygdala
D) alpha-adrenergic receptors; paraventricular hypothalamus
E) leptin; liver

Question 56

Studies using decerebrate rats indicate that

A) the circuits controlling ingestion lie forward to the brain stem.
B) CCK acts within the frontal cortex to stimulate eating.
C) the brain stem contains circuits that allow a rat to chew and to swallow.
D) decerebrate rats are unable to chew, to swallow, or to distinguish tastes.
E) feeding circuits are contained within the forebrain.

Question 57

Damage to the ________ abolishes glucoprovic and lipoprivic eating.

A) preoptic hypothalamus
B) nucleus accumbens
C) nucleus of the solitary tract
D) ventromedial hypothalamus
E)fornix

Question 58

All of the following statements about cholecystokinin (CCK)are true EXCEPT that

A) it inhibits gastric contractions.
B) the site of action for CCK is directly on neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus.
C) it stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and pylorus.
D) it inhibits eating.
E) the blood level of CCK is related to the fat content of a meal.

Question 59

Which of the following indicates the importance of peripheral nutrient receptors,located in the liver,in satiety?

A) Glucose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating.
B) Insulin can initiate or inhibit eating.
C) Fructose infusions into the hepatic portal vein inhibit eating.
D) Nutrient receptors are located in the brain tissue surrounding the lateral ventricle.
E) Infusion of 2-DG into the lateral ventricle stimulates eating.

Question 60

Which of the following strongly suggests that the actions of ghrelin on food intake involve NPY?

A) Ghrelin released from the stomach strongly inhibits NPY release in the hypothalamus.
B) Ghrelin cells in the stomach contain NPY receptors.
C) NPY levels are constant across the day-night cycle.
D) Ghrelin receptors are located on NPY neurons.
E) NPY strongly inhibits the capacity of ghrelin to suppress drinking.

Question 61

Which pair below are classed as anorexigens?

A) NPY and insulin
B) ghrelin and CART
C) CCK and ghrelin
D) CART and ?-MSH
E) NPY and AGRP

Question 62

Which of the following is true regarding CART?

A) Infusion of an antibody to CART decreases feeding.
B) CART is a peptide localized within the area postrema.
C) CART inhibits eating.
D) CART is excitatory for MCH/orexin neurons.
E) CART is the precursor molecule for the synthesis of CCK.

Question 63

Which of the following supports the notion that heredity contributes to differences in body weight?

A) Pima Indians in the US and Mexico share the same genes, but only those persons who live in a particular environment develop obesity.
B) Several forms of human obesity involve a deficit in ghrelin production, which can be treated by ghrelin injection.
C) Twin studies indicate that genes account for 25 percent of the variability in body fat accumulated when people are fed a high-fat diet.
D) Twin studies indicate that genes account for little of the variability in body fat accumulated when people are fed a high-fat diet.
E) Adoption studies fail to show a role for heredity in obesity.

Question 64

The MC-4R receptor is activated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

A) insulin; glucagon
B) agouti-related protein; NPY
C) ?-MSH; agouti-related protein
D) nicotine; amphetamine
E) ?-MSH; CCK

Question 65

A serious health hazard that accompanies obesity is

A) dizziness due to low blood pressure
B) acne.
C) cardiovascular disease.
D) most forms of cancer.
E) arthritis.

Question 66

Which of the following is used by the text author to explain why people exhibit differences in metabolic efficiency?

A) Metabolic efficiency is advantageous for surviving in an environment where calories are hard to obtain.
B) Metabolic efficiency results in obesity but does not result in health disorder.
C) The excessive accumulation of fat is a social proxy for wealth.
D) Obesity allowed hunter-gatherers to forage for long periods of time.
E) Genetic mutations involving metabolic efficiency are quite common.

Question 67

A key factor for the success of the RYGB procedure for the treatment of obesity is that

A) the procedure increases the rate of entry of insulin into the brain.
B) it disrupts the secretion of CCK.
C) it increases the activity of NPY neurons.
D) it disrupts the secretion of ghrelin.
E) it decreases the secretion of leptin from fat cells.

Question 68

Drugs such as fenfluramine that were used to treat obesity exerted an inhibition of appetite by

A) blocking serotonin receptor activity in the PVN.
B) causing the release of NPY from cells in the arcuate.
C) activating CART receptors.
D) altering serotonin activity in the PVN.
E) acting as a serotonin agonist in the brain.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of leptin?

A) Leptin is a product of protein metabolism.
B) Leptin levels are decreased during overeating and obesity.
C) Mutations of the leptin gene are the most common cause of obesity.
D) Plasma leptin levels are related to body fat content only in obese persons.
E) Few cases of human obesity are related to a mutation of the gene for leptin and leptin receptors.

Question 70

Electrical stimulation of the LH is to electrical stimulation of the VMH as

A) insulin is to glucagon.
B) ?-MSH is to agouti-related protein.
C) CART is to NPY.
D) agouti-related protein is to ?-MSH.
E) CCK is to ghrelin.

Question 71

Which pair below represents orexigens?

A) CCK and ghrelin
B) ghrelin and CART
C) NPY and insulin
D) CART and ?-MSH
E) NPY and AGRP

Question 72

Which of the following would be a useful treatment for obesity?

A) a drug that activates leptin, CCK, CART, or MC4 receptors
B) a drug that activates NPY or ghrelin receptors
C) a drug that promotes fat absorption
D) fenfluramine
E) C and D given in combination.

Question 73

Which of the following would be useful for the treatment of poor appetite in a cancer patient?

A) a serotonergic agonist
B) an endocannabinoid agonist
C) a drug that activates CART receptors
D) an NPY antagonist
E) an endocannabinoid antagonist

Question 74

Which of the following is not considered to be a key factor that contributes to obesity?

A) the generous portions provided by fast-food restaurants
B) learning to eat all that is placed on your plate
C) the fact that we require more calories as we get older
D) innate aberrations of metabolism
E) the fact that we require fewer calories as we get older

Question 75

Which of the following are important determinants of weight in adult humans?

A) the amount of protein consumed each day
B) the hours of TV viewed per day
C) the amount of physical exercise a person gets during their leisure time
D) the amount of CCK in the blood stream of a person
E) whether the person has a family history of anorexia

Question 76

A drug that would treat obesity might be expected to

A) promote the activity of uncoupling protein in skeletal muscle.
B) suppress metabolic rate.
C) impair the activity of uncoupling protein in skeletal muscle.
D) promote the development of a "thrifty" phenotype.
E) block the transport of leptin into the brain.

Question 77

A key effect of leptin that results in the inhibition of eating is to

A) increase the entry of insulin into the brain.
B) activate CCK receptors in the brain.
C) inactivate receptors that control the release of hypothalamic NPY and AGRP.
D) decrease the release of NPY in the hypothalamus.
E) cause the stomach to release more ghrelin.

Question 78

The serotonin agonist fluoxetine may be useful for the treatment of

A) schizophrenia.
B) bulimia.
C) anorexia.
D) mania.
E) autistic disorder.

Question 79

The ability of leptin to inhibit eating can be viewed as a dual action in the brain that involves the activation of ________ and the inhibition of ________.

A) CART/?-MSH neurons; NPY/AGRP neurons
B) CCK receptors; serotonin neurons
C) ghrelin cells in the stomach; CART/?-MSH neurons
D) insulin receptors; CCK receptors
E) GABA neurons; MCH/orexin neurons

Question 80

Which of the following is considered to be a key factor that contributes to obesity?

A) too much physical work in our daily lives
B) learning to eat all that is placed on your plate
C) some persons are inefficient at storing ingested calories as fat
D) the increasingly smaller portions provided by fast-food restaurants
E) rapid genetic mutations.