Deck 4: Psychopharmacology

Question 1

________ refers to an increased behavioral effect of a drug with repeated administration.

A) Dynamic capacity
B) Sensitization
C) Inactivation
D) Tolerance
E) Binding capacity

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The fastest way for a drug to reach a site of action in the brain is via the ________ administration route.

A) oral
B) topical
C) intravenous
D) intramuscular
E) intraperitoneal

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The ________ is a measure of the safety of a drug.

A) lethality score
B) dose-response curve
C) therapeutic index
D) pharmacokinetic profile
E) psychodynamic profile

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Administration of a drug via ________ is used when oral consumption of a drug might produce nausea and vomiting.

A) injection into the gut
B) the intracranial route
C) a nasal patch
D) oral consumption
E) a rectal suppository

Question 5

________ refers to the study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and behavior.

A) Biopharmacology
B) Neuropharmacology
C) Psychoimmunology
D) Physiopharmacology
E) Psychopharmacology

Question 6

The rate at which a drug reaches active sites in the brain is determined mostly by its degree of

A) water solubility.
B) lipid solubility.
C) drug metabolism via the liver.
D) depot binding in blood, bone, and fat.
E) drug metabolism in the kidneys.

Question 7

________ refers to the process by which drugs are absorbed,distributed within the body,metabolized,and then excreted from the body.

A) Neuropharmacology
B) Pharmacokinetics
C) Drug metabolism
D) Psychoimmunology
E) Pharmacodynamics

Question 8

Repeated administration of a constant drug dose typically produces ________,which is defined as a(n)________ effect of the drug.

A) dynamic capacity; increased
B) sensitization; reduced
C) behavioral inactivation; increased
D) tolerance; reduced
E) homeostasis; constant

Question 9

Which term below refers to sniffing a drug so as to absorb the drug through the nasal mucosa?

A) inhalation
B) insufflation
C) topical
D) intrarectal
E) sublingual

Question 10

The ________ route of drug administration is commonly used to treat small laboratory animals with a drug.

A) intraperitoneal
B) oral
C) intravascular
D) topical
E) intranasal

Question 11

Which of the following is true of drug effects?

A) Drugs vary widely in their effectiveness.
B) Drugs continue to show increases of effect even with very large doses.
C) Heavier animals usually require lower drug doses than do lighter animals.
D) A drug has only one effect.
E) C and D are correct.

Question 12

The effective dose 50 (ED50)value for Drug A is 2.0 mg/kg while its lethal dose 50 (LD50)value is 8 mg/kg.Which of the following is true of Drug A?

A) Drug A is ineffective for its intended purpose.
B) Drug A has a therapeutic index of 4.0.
C) Drug A is safe for use in humans.
D) The therapeutic index of Drug A is 0.25.
E) The therapeutic index of Drug A is 25.

Question 13

The ________ route requires caution because this route is most likely to result in accidental overdose.

A) oral
B) topical
C) intravenous
D) intramuscular
E) intraperitoneal

Question 14

The primary route of excretion of drugs from the body is via the

A) liver.
B) lungs.
C) mucosa.
D) kidneys.
E) skin.

Question 15

________ refers to a pleasurable drug feeling that is "easy to bear."

A) Euphoria
B) Sensitization
C) Mania
D) Depression
E) Dysphoria

Question 16

Medicines are most commonly given to humans via the ________ route.

A) intraperitoneal
B) oral
C) intravascular
D) topical
E) intranasal

Question 17

The motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

A) result from neurodegeneration of the corpus callosum.
B) result from the formation of MPTP from dopamine in synaptic vesicles.
C) result from the intravenous abuse of amphetamine.
D) can be treated using L-DOPA.
E) can be treated using drugs that activate MAO in dopamine neurons.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the relation between drug affinity and drug effects?

A) A drug with high affinity for a receptor will exert an effect only at a very high dose.
B) Drug affinity does not relate to drug activity.
C) A drug with high affinity for a receptor will exert an effect at a low dose.
D) A drug with a low affinity for a receptor will exert an effect only at a very low dose.
E) A drug that has a potent behavioral effect will have a low affinity for its receptor.

Question 19

Withdrawal from heroin results in ________,which involves a feeling of anxious misery.

A) euphoria
B) dysphoria
C) depression
D) mania
E) sensitization

Question 20

________ refers to the capacity of a drug molecule to bind to a receptor.

A) Dynamic capacity
B) Sensitization
C) Inactivation
D) Affinity
E) Binding capacity

Question 21

________ is the primary efferent neurotransmitter secreted by efferent axons of the CNS.

A) Dopamine
B) Norepinephrine
C) Acetylcholine
D) Serotonin
E) GABA

Question 22

Match up the transmitter substance below with the appropriate behavioral role or action of that transmitter.

A) acetylcholine; facilitates of learning
B) dopamine; suppresses certain species-typical behaviors
C) norepinephrine; facilitates of learning
D) serotonin; increases vigilance
E) GABA; generally activates voluntary movements

Question 23

The axons of most sensory neurons release the neurotransmitter

A) glycine.
B) GABA.
C) dopamine.
D) glutamate.
E) acetylcholine.

Question 24

Damage to which cholinergic system would be expected to impair learning?

A) dorsolateral pons ACh system
B) hypothalamocortical ACh system
C) basal forebrain ACh system
D) medial septal ACh system
E) corticospinal ACh system

Question 25

Direct agonist is to direct antagonist as

A) glycine is to rimonabant.
B) morphine is to heroin.
C) reserpine is to amphetamine.
D) MAO is to dopamine.
E) endogenous opioid is to naloxone.

Question 26

Blockage of _____ would be expected to decrease the levels of transmitters within the vesicles.

A) presynaptic transporters
B) axonal autoreceptors
C) vesicular transporters
D) postsynaptic autoreceptors
E) degradation enzymes

Question 27

Administration of a drug that blocks acetylcholinesterase in the brain would be expected to

A) permanently damage brain cholinergic neurons.
B) decrease the amount of acetylcholine in the synapse.
C) increase the amount of acetylcholine in the synapse.
D) alter the activity of the cholinergic autoreceptor.
E) reduce the rate of reuptake of ACh into glial cells.

Question 28

Drugs that block or inhibit postsynaptic receptor effects are termed

A) agonists.
B) ligands.
C) synergists.
D) antagonists.
E) pheromones.

Question 29

Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism that would result in drug tolerance?

A) a decreased metabolism of the drug
B) an increased plasma level of the drug
C) an increased number of drug receptors in the brain
D) a reduced number of tissue drug receptors
E) an increased number of ion channel openings in response to prolonged receptor activation

Question 30

A drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter and prevents the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)

A) indirect antagonist.
B) ligand.
C) direct synergist.
D) direct antagonist.
E) indirect pheromone.

Question 31

Drugs that facilitate postsynaptic receptor effects are termed

A) agonists.
B) ligands.
C) synergists.
D) antagonists.
E) pheromones.

Question 32

Injecting an animal with a dose of a chemical molecule that is a precursor for the synthesis of a synaptic neurotransmitter would be expected to

A) reduce the availability of that neurotransmitter.
B) increase the rate of synthesis and release of that neurotransmitter.
C) alter the number of postsynaptic receptors.
D) act as an antagonist at autoreceptors.
E) increase neurotransmitter reuptake into the axon.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of ACh?

A) Ach is a key transmitter for the control of feeding.
B) The effects of ACh in the brain are mostly inhibitory.
C) Elements of REM sleep are controlled by ACh in the medulla.
D) Learning is facilitated by ACh activity in the basal forebrain.
E) Ach controls mood and emotion.

Question 34

Administration of a drug that binds at a postsynaptic site different from that of the neurotransmitter,and facilitates the opening of ion channels would be termed a(n)

A) indirect antagonist.
B) ligand.
C) direct synergist.
D) indirect agonist.
E) indirect pheromone.

Question 35

A general mechanism by which postsynaptic potentials are terminated involves

A) increased synthesis of the neurotransmitter molecule.
B) enzymatic synthesis of the neurotransmitter molecule.
C) reuptake of the neurotransmitter molecule into the axon through a membrane transporter.
D) increased number of postsynaptic receptors.
E) diffusion into glial cells.

Question 36

A(n)________ is an innocuous substance that has no specific physiological effect.

A) placebo
B) agonist
C) drug
D) pseudotransmitter
E) ligand

Question 37

Administration of a drug that binds with a postsynaptic receptor,but does not open ion channels would be termed a(n)

A) direct agonist.
B) ligand.
C) direct synergist.
D) direct antagonist.
E) indirect pheromone.

Question 38

Which neurotransmitter acts to facilitate learning?

A) dopamine
B) dorepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin
E) GABA

Question 39

A drug that blocks a presynaptic autoreceptor

A) reduces the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
B) alters the uptake of the neurotransmitter into the axon terminal.
C) blocks the opening of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.
D) increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
E) would be expected to act as an antagonist for this synapse.

Question 40

Stimulation of a presynaptic autoreceptor

A) reduces the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
B) alters the uptake of the neurotransmitter into the axon terminal.
C) blocks the opening of ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane.
D) increases the release of the neurotransmitter from the axon terminal.
E) would be expected to act as an agonist for this synapse.

Question 41

A drug such as amphetamine,which causes the transporters for dopamine to run in reverse,would

A) increase the synthesis of dopamine.
B) enhance the reuptake of dopamine.
C) antagonize the postsynaptic receptors for dopamine.
D) spill dopamine into the synaptic cleft.
E) decrease the metabolism of dopamine.

Question 42

Drugs that inactivate monoamine oxidase would be expected to

A) reduce dopamine levels within the blood.
B) elevate acetylcholine levels within the muscles.
C) reduce serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft.
D) cause the release of serotonin into the synaptic cleft.
E) increase dopamine levels within neurons.

Question 43

Which of the following is true of dopamine receptors?

A) Dopamine receptors are metabotropic.
B) Dopamine receptors are ionotropic.
C) D1 receptors are located on the presynaptic membrane.
D) D2 receptors are only found on postsynaptic membranes.
E) Cyclic AMP is increased by activation of D1 and D2 receptors.

Question 44

Which neurotransmitter activates voluntary movements and reinforces behavior?

A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin
E) GABA

Question 45

________ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine.

A) Tyrosine
B) Tryptophan
C) Norepinephrine
D) Tyramine
E) Trypsin

Question 46

Two conditions associated with abnormal brain dopamine levels are

A) depression and Parkinson's disease.
B) schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease.
C) Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia.
D) Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea.
E) mood disorder and depression.

Question 47

________ is the enzyme that accepts an acetate ion from coenzyme A and transfers it to a choline molecule,thereby producing acetylcholine.

A) Acetylcholinesterase
B) Coenzyme A
C) Muscarine transferase
D) Choline acetyltransferase
E) Nicotine synthase

Question 48

Which of the following would be expected to result from administration of reserpine?

A) The person would become quite agitated..
B) The person would be expected to have lower blood pressure.
C) More dopamine would be released into the brain synapses of the person.
D) More norepinephrine would be released into the brain synapses of the person.
E) Vesicles would contain more dopamine.

Question 49

Which pair of drugs below are antagonists for the muscarinic and nicotinic (respectively)receptors?

A) atropine; curare
B) hemicholium; atropine
C) curare; atropine
D) muscarine; nicotine
E) acetylcholinesterase; choline acetyltransferase

Question 50

Nicotine receptors are found in ________ in the periphery and in ________ in the brain.

A) cardiac fibers; glial cells
B) muscle fibers; axoaxonic synapses
C) the pupils; axoaxonic synapses
D) cardiac fibers; axo-dendritic synapses
E) the lungs; axo-dendritic synapses

Question 51

Which of the following neuron systems that use ACh has been related to the control of REM sleep?

A) dorsolateral pons ACh system
B) hypothalamocortical ACh system
C) basal forebrain ACh system
D) medial septal ACh system
E) nigrostriatal Ach system

Question 52

The primary means by which the postsynaptic action of acetylcholine is terminated is via

A) enzymatic destruction by acetylcholinesterase.
B) reuptake of acetylcholine into the presynaptic terminal.
C) reuptake of choline into the presynaptic terminal.
D) diffusion away from the synapse.
E) reduced synthesis of choline.

Question 53

The muscle weakness associated with myasthenia gravis reflects

A) too many ACh receptors on cardiac muscles.
B) reduced ACh function in the basal forebrain.
C) loss of ACh receptors on skeletal muscles.
D) reduced ACh function in the dorsolateral pons.
E) an enhanced release of glycine onto spinal cord motoneurons.

Question 54

Which pair of drugs below are known to facilitate and inhibit (respectively)the release of ACh?

A) black widow spider venom; botulinum toxin
B) botulinum toxin; muscarine
C) botulinum toxin; black widow spider venom
D) botulinum toxin; nicotine
E) black widow spider venom; muscarine

Question 55

Deprenyl may delay the progression of symptoms in Parkinson's disease because this drug

A) facilitates monoamine oxidase-A.
B) reduces dopamine activity in the synapse.
C) inhibits monoamine oxidase-B.
D) acts on dopamine autoreceptors.
E) is a potent D1/D2 agonist.

Question 56

Schizophrenia is treated with drugs that block a subtype of the ________ receptor..

A) GABA
B) gkycine
C) ACh
D) dopamine
E) Norepinephrine

Question 57

Botox injections smooth the skin of the face by

A) causing the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
B) activating the parasympathetic nervous system, thereby inducing relaxation.
C) dissolving fatty deposits in the skin.
D) causing increased blood flow to the facial muscles.
E) blocking the activity of muscles in the face.

Question 58

________ causes pupil dilation by blocking ________ receptors.

A) Cocaine; dopaminergic
B) Atropine; muscarinic
C) Curare; muscarinic
D) Belladona; adrenergic
E) Muscarine; nicotinic

Question 59

Damage to which dopaminergic (DA)system would be expected to produce muscle tremors,limb rigidity,and difficulty in movement control?

A) nigrostriatal DA system
B) hypothalamocortical DA system
C) mesocortical DA system
D) nesolimbic DA system
E) corticospinal DA system

Question 60

Parkinson's disease involves the degeneration of neurons within the ________ DA system.

A) nigrostriatal
B) mesocortical
C) hypothalamocortical
D) mesolimbic
E) retinal-suprachiasmatic

Question 61

The final synthesis step for norepinephrine requires the presence of ______ .

A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) glycine
D) ACHe
E) epinephrine

Question 62

Which neurotransmitter acts to promote vigilance?

A) dopamine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) serotonin
E) GABA

Question 63

Which of the following neurochemical effects may contribute to the capacity of ecstasy (MDMA)to produce hallucinogenic effects in users?

A) MDMA blocks norepinephrine reuptake and causes norepinephrine transporters to run in reverse.
B) MDMA blocks dopamine receptors.
C) MDMA destroys brain GABA neurons.
D) MDMA blocks serotonin reuptake and causes serotonin transporters to run in reverse.
E) MDMA activates glutamate receptors.

Question 64

Which of the following represents a problem for the hypothesis that amino acids can function as neurotransmitters?

A) Amino acids can be released from nerve terminals.
B) EPSPs and IPSPs are produced by application of amino acids onto neurons.
C) Amino acids are localized within neurons.
D) Amino acids play a role in protein synthesis for all nerve cells.
E) None of the above are correct.

Question 65

Match the drug with its correct action on GABA function.

A) fenfluramine; agonist at the GABAA receptor
B) picrotoxin; indirect antagonist of the GABAA receptor
C) diazepam; reduces the activity of GABAA receptors
D) baclofen; antagonist at the GABAA receptor
E) THC; antagonist at the GABAA receptor

Question 66

Which of the following true of NMDA receptors?

A) Activation of the NMDA receptor allows sodium and calcium ions into the nerve cell.
B) NMDA receptors are metabotropic.
C) Glutamate is an antagonist for the NMDA receptor.
D) The activity of the NMDA receptor is not dependent on magnesium ions.
E) The NMDA receptor produces IPSPs.

Question 67

The GABAA receptor is a(n)________ receptor that controls a ________ channel.

A) ionotropic; chloride
B) ionotropic; potassium
C) metabotropic; chloride
D) metabotropic; potassium
E) ionotropic; sodium

Question 68

The significance attached to glutamate,GABA,and glycine is that these are

A) involved in Parkinson's disease.
B) known to be solely inhibitory in the PNS.
C) the predominant neuromodulators in the CNS.
D) the most common neurotransmitters in the CNS.
E) the major excitatory neurotransmitters in the PNS.

Question 69

Which of the following is true of GABA?

A) GABA has a general excitatory effect.
B) GABA is involved in Parkinson's disease.
C) An excess of GABA may result in epilepsy.
D) The inhibitory effects of GABA act stabilize brain electrical activity.
E) Loss of GABA function will reduce anxiety.

Question 70

Serotonin is synthesized from

A) tyrosine.
B) tyramine.
C) tryptophan.
D) MAO.
E) epinephrine.

Question 71

Many of the axons that use serotonin as a transmitter originate from the

A) substantia nigra.
B) red nucleus.
C) axonal varicosities.
D) dorsal raphe nucleus.
E) ventral tegmental area.

Question 72

Which pair of transmitter substances is most involved in synaptic neurotransmission in brain?

A) glutamate; acetylcholine
B) GABA; glycine
C) glutamate; GABA
D) glycine; acetylcholine
E) acetylcholine; dopamine

Question 73

Withdrawal from ________ can result in seizures due to the loss of inhibitory action on ________ receptors.

A) THC; CB2
B) alcohol; D1 and D2
C) THC; D1 and D2
D) MDMA; CB2
E) alcohol; NMDA

Question 74

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)is produced from

A) bucolic acid.
B) butyric acid.
C) glutamic acid.
D) glycine.
E) Iysergic acid.

Question 75

Which of the pairs below are synonymous?

A) epinephrine and adrenalin
B) nicotine and muscarine
C) noradrenalin and muscarine
D) serotonin and dopamine
E) glycine and GABA

Question 76

The hallucinogenic drug PCP (phencyclidine)

A) is an indirect antagonist of the NMDA receptor.
B) facilitates the binding of glutamate to the AMPA receptor.
C) releases serotonin from neurons in the raphe nuclei.
D) inhibits the dendrites of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area.
E) acts via the blockade of serotonin receptors.

Question 77

The autoreceptor for norepinephrine in brain is of the ________ adrenergic receptor subtype.

A) ?1
B) ?1
C) ?2
D) ?2
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 78

Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin or that cause the release of serotonin are used therapeutically to treat

A) anorexia
B) depression.
C) some forms of acne disorder.
D) high blood pressure
E) allergies.

Question 79

The drug ________ releases serotonin and has been used to treat ________.

A) fluoxetine; depression
B) fenfluramine; obesity
C) amphetamine; obesity
D) reserpine; obesity
E) fluoxetine; mania

Question 80

Match the drug with its correct action on GABA function.

A) muscimol; direct agonist at the GABAA receptor
B) picrotoxin; indirect antagonist of the GABAB receptor
C) diazepam; indirect antagonist of GABAA receptors
D) baclofen; antagonist at the GABAA receptor
E) THC ; agonist at the GABAA receptor