Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

The capacity of _____________ memory is generally agreed to be about five to nine meaningful pieces of information.

A) short-term
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) sensory

Answer 1

short-term

Question 2

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as:

A) sight is to sound.
B) sensation is to perception.
C) short-term memory is to long-term memory.
D) working memory is to sensory memory.

Answer 2

sight is to sound.

Question 3

Phonological code is to semantic code as:

A) primacy effect is to recency effect.
B) echoic store is to iconic store.
C) sound is to meaning.
D) implicit is to explicit.

Answer 3

sound is to meaning.

Question 4

According to the psychologist Alan Baddeley,working memory is divided into which of the following four components?

A) sensory,episodic,short-term,and long-term memory
B) episodic,semantic,procedural,and sensory memory
C) phonological loop,visuospatial sketchpad,episodic buffer,and central executive
D) encoding,storage,semantic,and retrieval

Question 5

Encoding is a process of:

A) translating information into neural code.
B) retaining information over time.
C) accessing stored information.
D) accessing information over time.

Question 6

You are witness to a hit-and-run car accident.Just before the accident you looked directly at the car's license plate.How long can you expect your sensory memory to hold on to that iconic image?

A) a fraction of a second
B) 3-5 seconds
C) 10-15 seconds
D) ~30 seconds

Question 7

Individual items are grouped into larger units of meaning in a process called:

A) grouping.
B) chunking.
C) elaborating.
D) encoding.

Question 8

If you were to add the numbers 26 and 41 in your head,it is assumed that you would be doing this in your ____________ memory.

A) episodic
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) working

Question 9

Working (short-term)memory encodes information as:

A) memory codes.
B) mnemonics.
C) syllables.
D) neurotransmitters.

Question 10

You are a witness to a robbery.Based on research about iconic and echoic store,the time required to recall the face of the robber would be _____________ than the time to recall the voice of the robber.

A) a shorter
B) a longer
C) equal to
D) None of these-the existence of sensory memory has been disproved

Question 11

Consider the following two lists of words: List 1)man,mad,cap,can,map.List 2)big,huge,broad,long,tall.When presented with these two lists,research indicates that people usually have more difficulty in accurately remembering List 1,which suggests that the ____________ encoding plays an important role in short-term memory.

A) episodic
B) visual
C) sensory
D) phonological

Question 12

Memory codes:

A) are matched to the stimulus.
B) are matched to the sensory organ.
C) are matched to the emotional climate.
D) often does not correspond to the form of the original stimulus.

Question 13

As you are reading this question,you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look.Instead,you are probably using ____________ encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and utilizing ____________ encoding by thinking about their meaning.

A) phonological;visual
B) visual;motor
C) phonological;semantic
D) motor;semantic

Question 14

The duration of short-term memory is approximately:

A) a fraction of a second.
B) 5 seconds.
C) 20 seconds.
D) 1 minute.

Question 15

Retrieval is a process of:

A) translating information into neural code.
B) retaining information over time.
C) accessing information over time.
D) encoding information.

Question 16

Most sensory memory is rapidly lost,unless it enters the _______________ memory.

A) generative
B) exception
C) working (short-term)
D) consolidation

Question 17

Because they believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions such as problem solving,many modern cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as ______________ memory.

A) procedural
B) echoic
C) working
D) semantic

Question 18

Storage is a process of:

A) translating information into neural code.
B) retaining information over time.
C) accessing information over time.
D) encoding information over time.

Question 19

George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by:

A) briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall.
B) asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both ears.
C) investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
D) measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head.

Question 20

One Friday evening you meet that "special someone" for whom you have been searching your whole life.The person gives you a phone number,but you have no pen to write it down.In your excited state you are unable to rehearse the phone number in your head.How long can you expect your short-term memory to remember the number?

A) less than 10 seconds
B) 20 seconds
C) 5 minutes
D) at least 24 hours

Question 21

Making a grocery list and taking notes for a class are both examples of _____________,which refers to encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention.

A) effortful processing
B) automatic processing
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) state-dependent memory

Question 22

With regard to the serial position effect,the primacy effect refers to the superior recall of words presented at/in the ___________ of the list.

A) beginning and end
B) end
C) middle
D) beginning

Question 23

The recency effect is thought to occur because the words at the end of the list:

A) are rehearsed more and are more likely to be stored in long-term memory.
B) are not bumped out of working memory by additional information.
C) receive more maintenance rehearsal than words in the middle and beginning of the list.
D) are more deeply processed than words in the middle and beginning of the list.

Question 24

The serial position effect predicts ________________ between the serial position of a word in a list and the likelihood that the word will be recalled.

A) a positive correlation
B) a negative correlation
C) a U-shaped relation
D) an inverted U-shaped relation

Question 25

When taking this exam,you need to retrieve information from _____________ memory to answer the questions.

A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) evaluative

Question 26

Assume that you are presented with a list of 15 random words.Immediately after the list has been presented,you are asked to recall as many words as you can.Research has shown that you will tend to remember words presented:

A) in the middle best.
B) at the beginning and at the end better than words presented in the middle.
C) at the end much better than words presented in the middle or at the beginning.
D) in the beginning much better than words presented in the middle or at the end.

Question 27

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the phonological loop?

A) You have just met someone for the first time and you mentally repeat the person's name to yourself several times.
B) While imagining her next performance,an athlete retrieves images of previous successful competitions from long-term memory.
C) A child is working on a jigsaw puzzle and deciding whether a specific piece will fit in a particular place or not.
D) You are stuck in traffic and you use your knowledge of the street layout to take a shortcut.

Question 28

The superior recall for words presented ____________ of a list is the result of the ______________ effect.

A) in the middle;primacy
B) at the end;primacy
C) at the end;recency
D) at the beginning;recency

Question 29

How people tend to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle of the list is called the __________________.

A) primacy effect
B) serial position effect
C) state-dependent memory
D) recency effect

Question 30

The capacity of ____________ memory appears to be unlimited.

A) working
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) iconic

Question 31

You are stuck in traffic and start to think of alternative routes that you could take home.A modern cognitive memory researcher would most likely say that you are using which of the following types of memory?

A) the iconic memory
B) the visuospatial sketchpad
C) the phonological loop
D) the central executive

Question 32

Although the ________ effect is thought to be a result of the early transfer of information to long-term memory,the _________ effect appears to be a result of information remaining in short-term memory.

A) serial position;primacy
B) recency;serial position
C) recency;primacy
D) primacy;recency

Question 33

Words at the end of a list are typically remembered better than words presented in the middle.This is known as the ___________ effect and it presumably happens because the last few words on the list remain in the __________ memory.

A) serial position;sensory
B) recency;long-term
C) primacy;short-term
D) recency;short-term

Question 34

Assume that you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain.Your _____________ would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image,whereas your _____________ would allocate the proper amount of attention to this task and allow you to retrieve an image of a skier from your long-term memory and incorporate it into your current visualization.

A) phonological loop;visuospatial sketchpad
B) central executive;visuospatial sketchpad
C) visuospatial sketchpad;central executive
D) visuospatial sketchpad;phonological loop

Question 35

Information about frequency,spatial location,and sequence of events often enters memory through ____________ processing.

A) generative
B) consolidated
C) automatic
D) primacy

Question 36

Auditory memory,episodic buffer,visuospatial memory,and a control process called the central executive are all thought to be important components of the ____________ memory.

A) sensory
B) working
C) semantic
D) long-term

Question 37

The intentional processing of information that requires conscious attention is called __________ processing.

A) sensory
B) effortful
C) implicit memory
D) automatic

Question 38

If you were asked the geographic relationship between your school and Norway,you would likely retrieve a mental world map for use in the ________________ to derive your answer.

A) phonological loop
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) iconic store system
D) echoic store system

Question 39

The component of working memory that provides a temporary storage place where information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are integrated is called the ______________ component.

A) sensory
B) central executive
C) flashbulb
D) episodic buffer

Question 40

Even though you paid little attention to and did not intentionally try to encode how many times your psychology professor has worn a particular shirt,you can recall that he has worn that shirt five times this semester.This type of encoding information without intention is called:

A) effortful processing.
B) procedural memory.
C) automatic processing.
D) maintenance rehearsal.

Question 41

Your roommate is struggling in school because she simply reads over the text and expects that it will "sink in." The problem is that ____________ rehearsal is a poor strategy for transferring information to long-term memory.

A) maintenance
B) elaborative
C) generative
D) repetitive

Question 42

If I were to ask you whether the word "force" rhymed with the word "course," to make this distinction you would have to use __________ encoding,a method of processing that is considered to be less "deep" than/as semantic encoding.

A) structural
B) motor
C) visual
D) phonological

Question 43

According to the levels-of-processing model,you could study for a test most effectively by

A) looking at the shape of important words.
B) listening to the sounds of important words.
C) thinking about the meaning of important words.
D) memorizing the text.

Question 44

An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world,such as people,events,situations,or objects is a ____________________.

A) memory trace
B) schema
C) retrieval cue
D) procedural memory

Question 45

The method of loci is a memory-enhancing technique based on ___________ and it is consistent with the predictions of ___________ theory.

A) imagery;dual-coding
B) chunking;dual-coding
C) hierarchies;encoding specificity
D) acronyms;encoding specificity

Question 46

To take advantage of the principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts and improves our understanding of how diverse elements are related,material is organized ______________.

A) episodically
B) procedurally
C) hierarchically
D) phonetically

Question 47

Research with expert and novice chess players by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973)revealed that experts were able to accurately recall the placement of more chess pieces than novices after a 5-second glance when the:

A) pieces were arranged meaningfully.
B) experts were allowed to use maintenance rehearsal.
C) pieces were arranged hierarchically.
D) pieces were arranged randomly.

Question 48

Incidental information that gets stored in memory is referred to as ______________,whereas the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is referred to as ________________.

A) effortful processing;elaborative rehearsal
B) elaborative rehearsal;maintenance rehearsal
C) deep processing;automatic processing
D) automatic processing;effortful processing

Question 49

The concept developed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart (1972,2008),which states that the more deeply we process information,the better it will be remembered is referred to as the ______________ concept.

A) automatic processing
B) maintenance processing
C) levels-of-processing
D) prospective memory

Question 50

Chunking is thought to be an effective memory-enhancing technique because it _________ the total amount of information that we have to keep active in __________.

A) increases;long-term memory
B) increases;short-term memory
C) increases;sensory memory
D) decreases;short-term memory

Question 51

According to the depth of processing model,semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to attend to the __________ the information being encoded.

A) sound of
B) physical form of
C) details associated with
D) meaning of

Question 52

If you try to remember the lobes of the cortex by associating each one with a location in your house,you would be using the:

A) method of retrieval.
B) "house trick."
C) method of loci.
D) 'one is a bun' method.

Question 53

When information is encoded using both verbal and visual encoding,it is more likely that at least one of the codes will be available later to facilitate recall,according to the _________________.

A) decay theory
B) encoding specificity principle
C) dual-coding theory
D) levels-of-processing model

Question 54

Which of the following is more effective for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal are equally effective.
D) neither maintenance rehearsal nor elaborative rehearsal are effective

Question 55

Your roommate decides to try different studying strategies for each of his three classes.In Art History 101,he focuses on the beautiful handwriting of his instructor.In Spanish 101,he focuses on the beautiful voice of his instructor.In Philosophy 101,he focuses on the beautiful arguments presented by his instructor.According to the depth-of-processing model,in which class should he get the best grade?

A) Art History
B) Spanish
C) Philosophy
D) no differences would be predicted based on the strategies

Question 56

Expert knowledge can be viewed as a process of developing:

A) working memory.
B) short-term memory.
C) schemas.
D) problems.

Question 57

Your new strategy for studying seems to be working well.You first go through the text,decide which information is the most important,and then highlight it.Then you go back and try to relate the highlighted information to your own life.This strategy is probably effective because it uses ______________ rehearsal.

A) maintenance
B) generative
C) elaborative
D) constructive

Question 58

A mnemonic device is a:

A) location in working memory.
B) location in long-term storage.
C) memory aid.
D) tool for examining the neural basis for memory.

Question 59

You had certain organized expectations about what a class would be like and what would be appropriate behaviour while in the classroom.This would suggest that you had a _____________ for what happens in a class.

A) concept map
B) schema
C) conditioned response
D) perceptual predisposition

Question 60

Your friend tells you about a great new restaurant at which she ate.When you hear the name,you recall seeing the restaurant and are fairly sure of the location.This memory is retrieved despite that fact that you were not trying to remember anything about the restaurant.The name and location of this restaurant were stored in the long-term memory via ______________ processing.

A) automatic
B) effortful
C) generative
D) passive

Question 61

Suppose that you are shown a list that includes the words "plate," "tree," and "glass." Several months later,you are shown many short word stems such as PL ___,TR ____ and GL ____.Even though you have essentially forgotten about the first list you saw,you are more likely to complete the word stems with PLate,TRee,and GLass than other people who were not shown the initial list.These types of memory tests are called __________ and they are used to measure __________ memory.

A) priming tasks;implicit
B) recall tests;implicit
C) recognition tests;explicit
D) cued recall tests;explicit

Question 62

The amnesia patient H.M.was able to correctly perform a mirror-tracing task,but he had no recollection of ever having learned it.This example most clearly illustrates the difference between ___________ memory and _________________________ memory.

A) explicit;declarative
B) procedural;declarative
C) implicit;non-declarative
D) semantic;episodic

Question 63

This multiple choice test question would be considered an example of a test of _____________ memory.

A) episodic
B) semantic
C) implicit
D) procedural

Question 64

The approach that suggests that a pattern of node activation is associated with each concept in memory is called __________ networks.

A) associative
B) neural
C) perpendicular
D) hierarchical

Question 65

Which of the following represents a procedural memory?

A) knowing the height of the Empire State Building
B) a classically conditioned response to a food that was previously paired with illness
C) remembering your first day of school
D) knowing the answer to this question

Question 66

If you were asked to list the two different types of declarative memory,this would be an example of what is called a _____________ test.

A) recognition
B) prospective
C) recall
D) priming

Question 67

Implicit memories are defined as memories:

A) of specific personal events.
B) of recognition.
C) that we are aware of.
D) that we are not aware of.

Question 68

From the perspective of associative networks,your ability to think of the colour orange is likely associated with:

A) one node.
B) a pattern of nodes.
C) a pattern of neurons.
D) one neuron

Question 69

Priming occurs when activation of one node:

A) leads to more self-activation.
B) leads to a stronger response by the node.
C) spreads the activation to related nodes.
D) is greater than the activation of any other node.

Question 70

Some memory theorists propose that memory can be represented as being similar to a massive system of linked ideas and concepts known as a(n)__________________.

A) mnemonic device
B) implicit memory
C) associative network
D) flashbulb picture

Question 71

The model that asserts that a node in a memory network consists of an idea,a word,or a concept is the ___________ model,whereas the model that argues that a node is physical in nature and does not contain individual units of information is called the ____________________ model.

A) associative network;dual-coding
B) dual-coding;associative network
C) associative network;neural network
D) neural network;dual-coding

Question 72

Declarative memory is to __________ as procedural memory is to ______________.

A) knowledge;behaviour
B) behaviour;knowledge
C) experiences;ethics
D) ethics;experiences

Question 73

Explicit is to implicit as:

A) procedural is to declarative.
B) conscious is to non-conscious.
C) episodic is to semantic.
D) retroactive is to retrograde.

Question 74

A study conducted by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973)demonstrated that experts had superior recall than novices for the placement of chess pieces when the pieces were placed meaningfully on the board.However,this difference disappeared when the pieces were placed randomly.Which of the following concepts are most relevant to explaining this result?

A) proactive and retroactive interference
B) maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
C) visuospatial and auditory working memory
D) schemas and chunking

Question 75

Because expert chess players use _________ more effectively than novice chess players,they can more accurately recall meaningful arrangements of pieces after viewing these arrangements for just a few seconds.

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) maintenance and chunking
C) schemas and chunking
D) elaborative rehearsal

Question 76

A memory researcher claims that a concept such as "dog" is triggered by the simultaneous firing of nodes #8,#47,and #123 in a network,but if node #8 is simultaneously triggered with nodes #9 and #301,an entirely different concept appears in the mind.The views of this researcher are most consistent with the:

A) dual-coding theory of memory.
B) associative network theory of memory.
C) state-dependence theory of memory.
D) neural network theory of memory.

Question 77

The theory that suggests that there is a single node associated with each concept in memory is called the __________ network theory.

A) associative
B) neural
C) distributive
D) parallel

Question 78

From the perspective of neural networks,your ability to think of the concept "cheeseburger" is likely associated with:

A) activation of one node.
B) activation of a pattern of nodes.
C) an absence of priming.
D) excitation of one neuron.

Question 79

The notion of parallel processing is most strongly associated with which of the following?

A) implicit memory
B) mood congruent recall
C) levels of processing
D) neural networks

Question 80

Associative network theories are to _____________ as neural network theories are to ____________.

A) individual nodes;pattern of activation
B) pattern of activation;individual nodes
C) spreading;closing
D) closing;spreading