Deck 2: Ethics

Question 1

Which researcher conducted studies of obedience that suggested ordinary people would do things they knew would cause harm to others simply because they were told to do so?​

A) ​Zajonc
B) ​Milgram
C) ​Kohlberg
D) ​Zimbardo

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Current standards do not require that participants in clinical trials be told that they might receive a placebo​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

​The principle of "respect for persons" means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The principle of ____ means that people are to be treated as independent and autonomous individuals.​

A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Question 5

The 10 principles that were developed as a frame of reference for judging the conduct of Nazi physicians accused of atrocities became the ____.​

A) ​Nuremberg Code
B) ​Milgram Code
C) ​Belmont Report
D) ​Tuskegee Report

Question 6

The principle of ____ means that researchers should attempt to maximize the benefits of participation and take steps to identify and limit the potential for harm.​

A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Question 7

In a Phase III study,a drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness,monitor side effects,compare it to commonly used treatments,and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely​

Question 8

​Even an accidental error in recording or analyzing data is considered misconduct.

Question 9

​The classic "obedience study" is believed to have been the first study in which the term ____ was used.

A) ​debriefing
B) ​placebo
C) ​control group
D) ​confederate

Question 10

Milgram's famous study was inspired by the Nazi defense,"orders are orders."​

Question 11

​The modern history of human-subject protections began at ____.

A) ​Nuremberg
B) ​Stanford
C) ​Belmont
D) ​Tuskegee

Question 12

Fundamentally,research ethics are about doing the right thing for all involved.​

Question 13

FDA inspector Frances Kelsey refused to approve an application with what she viewed as insufficient safety data,even under pressure from her superiors,and thus,prevented the Thalidomide tragedy from occurring in the United States.​

Question 14

The principle of ____ means that participation should be based on fairness and not on circumstances that give researchers access to or control of a population based on status.​

A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Question 15

The ____,passed in 1974,represents one of the first serious attempts to build a comprehensive system of research ethics in the United States.​

A) ​National Research Act
B) ​Declaration of Helsinki
C) ​Tuskegee Code
D) ​Kefauver-Harris Amendments

Question 16

After the Thalidomide tragedy,the ____ Amendments were passed,which requires drug manufacturers to prove the safety of their drugs before marketing them.​

A) ​Milgram
B) ​Belmont
C) ​Tuskegee
D) ​Kefauver-Harris

Question 17

What did the 1980s activist poster that read "Stop Protecting Us to Death" refer to?​

A) ​The HIPAA's requirements to obtain patient data
B) ​The IRB's monitoring of compliance with research protocols
C) ​The FDA's cautious approach to approving new drugs
D) ​The NIH's lack of funding due to conflict of interest

Question 18

In the United States,the Department of Health and Human Services has placed responsibility for managing conflicts of interest on investigators,IRBs,and institutions​

Question 19

​At smaller universities,Institutional Review Boards typically review research using both humans and animals.

Question 20

Assent means that a child has not stated any objections to participating in a research study.​

Question 21

Carlos wants to make sure that any information from participant surveys is not shared with the shelter's administration to avoid potential consequences.This issue relates most strongly to ____.​

A) ​deception
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​confidentiality

Question 22

Human subjects are to the Institutional Review Board as animal subjects are to the ____.​

A) ​Board for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
B) ​Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
C) ​Animal Protection Committee
D) ​Committee for Animals

Question 23

In a ____ study,the drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.​

A) ​pilot
B) ​Phase I
C) ​Phase II
D) ​Phase III

Question 24

Carlos decides to focus on individuals who are at high risk of becoming homeless,specifically,individuals with severe,persistent mental illness who are being released from state hospitals.He is aware that many of his potential research participants have low literacy levels and takes this into consideration when preparing his informed consent materials.In terms of the Belmont Report's conceptualization of informed consent,Carlos is addressing ____.​

A) assent​
B) ​comprehension
C) ​information
D) ​voluntariness

Question 25

​Narrative 2-2
Brain Imaging
​
Katherine is a researcher studying the neurophysiology of schizophrenia.In order to do so,she compares fMRI imaging when individuals are on effective medication and when they have been off their medication long enough that it is no longer detectible in their blood.
Katherine recognizes that this may create more than minimal risk.In terms of the principles in the Belmont Report,she is concerned about ____.​

A) respect for persons​
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​voluntariness

Question 26

What term refers to an assurance made to study participants that personal information about participants will be protected?​

A) ​privacy
B) ​anonymity
C) ​confidentiality
D) ​de-identification

Question 27

The process of removing identifying information from data sets is known as ____.​

A) ​privacy
B) ​anonymity
C) ​confidentiality
D) ​de-identification

Question 28

​When ____ is used,either misleading or incomplete information is given to participants in the informed consent process.

A) ​deception
B) ​debriefing
C) de-identification​
D) ​duplicity

Question 29

Carlos is thinking about including children in his study.Although the children cannot enter into a legal agreement to participate,he feels it is important that they still agree to participate.By doing so,Carlos is seeking the children's ____.​

A) ​assent
B) ​confidence
C) ​willing participation
D) ​consent

Question 30

Sondra has just finished participating in an experiment that involved deception and is now being told the whole truth about what was done and why.Sondra is undergoing ____.​

A) deception​
B) ​debriefing
C) ​post-hoc consenting
D) ​post-hoc analysis

Question 31

​A ____ study is designed to test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people to evaluate its safety,determine a safe dosage range,and identify potential side effects.

A) ​pilot
B) ​Phase I
C) ​Phase II
D) ​Phase III

Question 32

During the study,participants will stay at a research hospital and be unable to work at their usual jobs,will be aware from friends and families,and have other restrictions on their activities.As a result,Katherine is going to pay her participants.In terms of the principles in the Belmont Report,Katherine's decision about how much to pay participants is most related to ____.​

A) ​comprehension
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Question 33

Carlos decides to focus on individuals who are at high risk of becoming homeless,specifically,individuals with severe,persistent mental illness who are being released from state hospitals.He is extremely careful,in his consent materials,to be clear that people do not have to participate,that their decision to participate or not participate will in no way impact their treatment at the hospital or thereafter,and that,even if they agree to participate,they can withdraw their consent without penalty.In terms of the Belmont Report's conceptualization of informed consent,Carlos is addressing ____.​

A) ​assent
B) ​comprehension
C) ​information
D) ​voluntariness

Question 34

From the standpoint of an Institutional Review Board,research would include ____.​

A) ​program evaluation required by a funding agency
B) ​patient satisfaction surveys
C) ​surveys conducted in order to improve clinic services
D) ​an examination of which of two treatments are most effective

Question 35

​What term refers to an assurance made to study participants that no one,including the researchers,will be able to link data to a specific individual?

A) ​privacy
B) ​anonymity
C) ​confidentiality
D) ​de-identification

Question 36

After recent research showed that the caregivers of family members with developmental disabilities showed significant stress reduction when taught simple mindfulness techniques during everyday activities,Liese wonders whether the same might be true of the caregivers of family members with Alzheimer's disease.Liese will recruit participants from a local peer support program for caregivers but,knowing how stressful caregiving can be,worries about how she will create an ethically sound control group.Liese is most concerned with ____.​

A) ​right to service
B) ​external validity
C) ​deception
D) ​non-maleficence

Question 37

​Narrative 2-2
Brain Imaging
​
Katherine is a researcher studying the neurophysiology of schizophrenia.In order to do so,she compares fMRI imaging when individuals are on effective medication and when they have been off their medication long enough that it is no longer detectible in their blood.
​Katherine is aware that some potential participants may have cognitive impairments and she considers excluding them solely on that basis.At the same time,she is aware that participants may,themselves,benefit from participating in the study,since they will live in at research hospital during the study and will have access to numerous resources while hospitalized.If Katherine decides to exclude persons with cognitive impairments,she is also denying these individuals access to other services,and this bothers her.In terms of the principles in the Belmont Report,she is struggling with issues related to ____.

A) respect for persons​
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​voluntariness

Question 38

Carlos is well aware that even a small amount of money can be a powerful incentive.He is struggling with how much he can pay participants without being coercive.This issue relates most strongly to ____.​

A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​assent

Question 39

Narrative 2-1
The Homeless Shelter
​
Carlos,a psychologist at a local shelter for homeless individuals,makes determinations about who should get special privileges.He is working on his doctorate at the same time,and naturally considers dissertation topics that would involve people who are homeless.​
Should Carlos decide to recruit participants from the shelter at which he works,his institutional review board is likely to be concerned about ____.​

A) ​respect for persons
B) ​beneficence
C) ​justice
D) ​non-maleficence

Question 40

What term refers to an assurance made to study participants that identifying information about them acquired through the study will not be released to anyone outside of the study?​

A) ​privacy
B) ​anonymity
C) ​confidentiality
D) ​de-identification

Question 41

The _______________ requires manufacturers to present evidence on the safety and effectiveness of their products to the FDA before marketing them​

Question 42

The term _______________ means that participation should be based on fairness and not on circumstances that give researchers access to or control of a population based on status.​

Question 43

​A(n)_______________ study is designed to test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety,determine a safe dosage range,and identify potential side effects.

Question 44

The _______________ includes basic standards that should underlie the conduct of any biomedical and behavioral research involving human participants.​

Question 45

Research misconduct involving the appropriation of another person's ideas,processes,results,or words without giving appropriate credit is classified as ____.​

A) plagiarism​
B) ​falsification
C) ​fabrication
D) ​deception

Question 46

Research misconduct involving manipulating research materials,equipment,or processes,or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record is classified as ____.​

A) ​plagiarism
B) ​falsification
C) ​fabrication
D) ​deception

Question 47

Researcher and couples' therapist ____ hired actors to falsely testify about their involvement with data collection activities related to his research studies and deceived those actors about what they were actually doing.​

A) ​Jan Hendrik Schön
B) ​William Fals-Stewart
C) ​Haruko Obokata
D) ​Bodo-Eckehard Strauer

Question 48

A detailed document summarizing the purpose and procedures of a study is referred to as a(n)_______________.​

Question 49

The phrase "_______________" means that the risk of harm is not greater than that experienced in everyday life situations such as typical academic or medical examinations.​

Question 50

Ralph,a clinical researcher,is found to have omitted data that are inconsistent with his hypothesis about the causes of autism spectrum disorders.He has engaged in ____.​

A) ​plagiarism
B) ​falsification
C) ​fabrication
D) ​deception

Question 51

Although the rules surrounding the testing and approval of new drugs were indented to protect the public,these rules can also limit the access to drugs by people who are desperately ill.As a result of demands by ____ activists,the FDA eventually developed an expedited review process as well as a program to expand access to promising drugs.​

A) ​AIDS
B) ​cancer
C) ​autism spectrum disorder
D) ​Alzheimer's disease

Question 52

The _______________ was adopted by the World Medical Association in 1964 in order to provide a set of principles to guide the practice of medical research.​

Question 53

In a ____ study,the drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness,monitor side effects,compare it to commonly used treatments,and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.​

A) pilot​
B) ​Phase I
C) ​Phase II
D) ​Phase III

Question 54

The _______________ involved poor African American sharecroppers with a potentially fatal sexually transmitted infection who were not treated for the infection even after a cure was available.​

Question 55

Research misconduct involving making up data or results and recording or reporting them is classified as ____.​

A) plagiarism​
B) ​falsification
C) ​fabrication
D) ​deception

Question 56

In research ethics,groups who may not be fully in control of their decision making are referred to as _______________.​

Question 57

When a researcher pre-test assessment that identifies those in greatest need and then provides the intervention to them,the researcher is using a _______________ design.​

Question 58

Rhonda,a stem cell researcher,is found to have mislabeled graphs and photomicrographs.This can most accurately be described as ____.​

A) ​plagiarism
B) ​falsification
C) ​fabrication
D) ​deception

Question 59

Physicist ____ was found to have completely made up some of the data on which his astounding discoveries were made.​

A) Jan Hendrik Schön​
B) ​William Fals-Stewart
C) ​Haruko Obokata
D) ​Bodo-Eckehard Strauer

Question 60

Sergey is lagging behind his proposed research schedule.Desperate to demonstrate that he is making good use of federal grant money,he makes up data to present in a progress report.What behavior is Sergey demonstrating?​

A) ​plagiarism
B) ​falsification
C) ​fabrication
D) ​deception

Question 61

​An assurance of _______________ made to study participants specifies that identifying information about them acquired through the study will not be released to anyone outside of the study.

Question 62

​What is a conflict of interest and why is it considered to be an ethical issue?

Question 63

The role of a local _______________ is to review all proposed research involving human subjects to ensure that subjects are going to be treated ethically and that their rights and welfare will be adequately protected.​

Question 64

In research,_______________ means protection of personal information about participants.​

Question 65

​According to the Office of Research Integrity,_______________ is manipulating research materials,equipment,or processes,or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

Question 66

​According to the Office of Research Integrity,_______________ involves making up data or results and recording or reporting them.