Deck 14: Biotechnology and Society

Question 1

A bone marrow transplant is an example of a stem cell therapy using adult stem cells.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Animal genes transferred into plant cells cannot be transcribed and translated into proteins.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Some strategies for protecting endangered species include the use of DNA profiling to identify illegally traded animal parts and assisted reproduction techniques to help boost population numbers. These techniques are examples of _____.

A) biotechnology
B) gene pooling
C) biosynthetics
D) environmental forensics
E) DNA cloning

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Stem cells are _____.

A) unspecialized
B) specialized
C) unable to divide
D) always pluripotent
E) only found in embryos

Question 5

What is one advantage of using transgenic plant cells to produce human proteins for hormone replacement therapy?

A) Transgenic plants produce lower protein yields than transgenic animals.
B) Transgenic plants produce higher protein yields than transgenic animals.
C) Plant cells are less expensive to grow than other cell types.
D) Transgenic animals cannot produce human proteins.
E) HIV is spread through proteins harvested from transgenic animals.

Question 6

Transgenic plants produced by biotechnology contain fewer introduced genes than altered plants obtained by traditional breeding methods.

Question 7

Before insulin from recombinant DNA became available,diabetics were treated with insulin derived from cadavers.

Question 8

STR alleles differ by the number of copies of a set of nucleotides,such as AGA.

Question 9

Individuals with Pompe disease are unable to metabolize _____,and are treated with a human enzyme produced by _____.

A) glycogen; transgenic hamster cells
B) lactose; transgenic crops
C) insulin; cloned rabbits
D) cellulose; transgenic hamster cells
E) fats; cloned hamster cells

Question 10

Creating transgenic animal models for human disease research allows scientists to study new drugs and treatments in animals such as mice,before giving these drugs to humans.

Question 11

Embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts are pluripotent,and therefore useful in stem cell research because they ________.

A) are viable under a wide range of laboratory conditions
B) do not replicate and are therefore stable long-term
C) can form all cells, tissues, and organs of the human body
D) are specialized and therefore arrested in G0
E) function to replace damaged or diseased body parts in adults

Question 12

In addition to the promise of disease therapies,the uses of stem cells in medical research include the study of how _____.

A) diseases develop and progress before phenotypes are visible
B) Huntington Disease progresses in its latest stages
C) to engineer animal models for human disease
D) to harvest multipotent cells from human blastocysts
E) to fertilize human eggs in vitro

Question 13

Before clotting factors from recombinant DNA became available,more than half of hemophiliacs in the U.S.acquired HIV from injection of clotting factors obtained from donated blood.

Question 14

The USDA requires that food products from genetically modified organisms be clearly labeled as such.

Question 15

Golden rice contains a transgene that allows for increased production of vitamin A.

Question 16

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)are produced by _____.

A) transferring a vitamin A gene into rice plants
B) reprogramming adult cells by transferring certain master control genes into the cells' nuclei
C) mutating certain genes in human blastocysts
D) harvesting multipotent stem cells from umbilical cord blood
E) harvesting enzymes from cadavers, and then using the enzymes to reprogram adult cells

Question 17

The analysis of only one STR is needed to obtain a DNA profile that is statistically unique to a given individual.

Question 18

DNA fingerprints,such as those first used by Alec Jeffries,reveal variations in _____ between different individuals.

A) blood type
B) cancer-causing mutations
C) transgenes
D) the locations of restriction enzyme recognition sites
E) STR alleles

Question 19

Transgenic Bt crops have been genetically modified to _____.

A) resist common herbicides
B) have increased protein content
C) produce an insecticide
D) be tolerant of salt in the soil
E) grow faster

Question 20

Before biopharming technology became available,human proteins used in treatment of diseases were _____.

A) unavailable
B) synthesized chemically
C) free of contaminating factors
D) harvested from slaughterhouses, donated human blood, or cadavers
E) harvested from transgenic plants

Question 21

Transgenic crops are planted in _____ countries,with the amount of land dedicated to such crops _____ every year.

A) more than 50; remaining the same
B) more than 25; decreasing
C) less than10; increasing
D) more than 25; increasing
E) just under 25; increasing

Question 22

A new treatment for burns involves using skin biopsies to generate ____________________,which are sprayed onto the burned area and form a new layer of skin.

Question 23

What were the results of DNA profiling on the remains of the last czar of Russia (Czar Nicholas Romanov II)and his family?

A) The daughter, Anastasia, was not among the family members.
B) Both the son and one of the daughters were missing from the remains.
C) None of the remains were those of the czar or his family.
D) The czar himself was not among those whose remains were found.
E) The czar and all of his family were accounted for in the remains.

Question 24

The use of recombinant DNA technology to produce commercial products is known as ____________________.

Question 25

Because embryonic stem cells can form any tissue in the human body,they are termed ____________________; adult stem cells,on the other hand,are ____________________,since they can only form a limited number of cells types.

Question 26

Embryonic stem cells are harvested from the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo called a(n)____________________.

Question 27

The first commercial product made with recombinant DNA techniques was ____________________.

Question 28

To create a mouse model of the human disease Hemophilia A,in which a nonfunctional factor VIII protein results in a blood clotting deficiency,_____.

A) a cloned mutant FVIII gene is inserted into fertilized mouse eggs, which are then transferred to a foster mother for gestation and birth
B) a cloned normal FVIII gene is inserted into fertilized mouse eggs, which are then transferred to a foster mother for gestation and birth
C) mice with similar, naturally occurring, clotting deficiencies are cloned
D) embryonic stem cells are harvested from mouse blastocysts, and grown in the lab to produce blood cells for experimental research
E) adult mice are infected with bacteria that contain a copy of a mutant human FVIII gene

Question 29

A transgenic crop is created by _____.

A) artificial selection
B) selective breeding
C) transfer of a genetic trait from a different species into the plant's cells
D) culturing adult stem cells
E) cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and separating the DNA fragments by size

Question 30

A(n)____________________ organism is one that carries a gene that has been transferred to it from another species.

Question 31

In the creation of a DNA profile,_____ are typically used.

A) minisatellites
B) short tandem repeats
C) introns
D) exons
E) plasmids

Question 32

What is one concern with the use of genetically-engineered,herbicide-tolerant crops?

A) decreased yields
B) potential allergic reactions
C) transfer of herbicide resistance to weeds
D) loss of genetic diversity
E) expense of using herbicides

Question 33

In the attempt to identify the remains thought to be that of Czar Nicholas Romanov II and his family,_____ was used to determine that the skeletons were not only related members of a family,but were also related to living Romanov relatives.

A) Y chromosome STR alleles
B) blood typing
C) facial reconstruction
D) maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA
E) paternally inherited mitochondrial DNA

Question 34

Opponents of the use of recombinant DNA technology in agriculture argue that the FDA should require the _____ of food containing transgenic ingredients.

A) labeling
B) testing
C) posting of safe handling guidelines 
D) cloning
E) spreading

Question 35

In DNA profiles,the pattern of bands is _____.

A) due to variations in restriction enzyme recognition sites in plasmid DNA
B) identical in all individuals
C) due to variations in STR alleles between individuals
D) due to the presence of transgenes
E) possible only when copious quantities of DNA are available

Question 36

The first organisms used in recombinant DNA technology were ____________________.

Question 37

The mouse is a particularly useful model for studying human disease because _____.

A) mice and humans are 100% genetically identical
B) all mice are in essence, clones
C) mice do not feel pain and discomfort
D) mice and humans are the only species whose genomes have been sequenced
E) approximately 90% of human disease-associated genes are present in the mouse genome

Question 38

Because golden rice was developed to deal with problems of ____________________ deficiency,it is considered a(n)____________________.

Question 39

More than ____________________ percent of processed foods in supermarkets contain ingredients from transgenic crops.

Question 40

The use of ____________________ or ____________________ for stem cell therapies offers alternatives to the destruction of human embryos that occurs when embryonic stem cells are harvested.

Question 41

To create a DNA profile from scarce quantities of DNA,such as a fossil or a single hair,the ____________________ technique is necessary to obtain enough DNA for analysis.

Question 42

Transgenic animal disease models are engineered to display disease symptoms similar to those observed in ____________________.

Question 43

In a DNA profile analysis using two loci,the chance of a match between two unrelated individuals at one locus is 1 in 400,and 1 in 1000 at the second locus.Therefore,the overall probability that two unrelated individuals will match at both loci is ____________________.

Question 44

Ancestry can be traced by maternal lineage using ____________________,and by paternal lineage using ____________________.

Question 45

The federal government,as well as several state governments,collects DNA samples from all individuals arrested - but not necessarily convicted - for serious crimes.Should this be allowed?  Why or why not?

Question 46

Explain why the use of iPS cells for stem cell therapies may be a desirable alternative to the use of either embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells.

Question 47

____________________ could one day be used to screen an individual's genome to reveal genetic predispositions to diseases.

Question 48

Do you think the widespread availability of human gene products,such as recombinant growth hormone,will lead to abuse in athletics?  Why or why not?

Question 49

Rape (the plant from which canola oil is produced),sunflowers,and soybeans have been genetically modified to enhance production of ____________________ fatty acids.

Question 50

Since adult mouse models of Huntington disease (HD)contain a mutant HD allele,they show symptoms of cell death in the ____________________ system.

Question 51

Why is the term GMO a misnomer for transgenic organisms?

Question 52

In the U.S.,the ____________________,a standardized set of thirteen STR alleles,is used to generate DNA profiles for legal cases.

Question 53

The ____________________ of STR alleles reveals how often they are observed in a population.

Question 54

Summarize the scientific and ethical advantages and disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells versus adult stem cells for stem cell therapies.

Question 55

Why are transgenic animals engineered as models of human disease,rather than studying the disease in humans?

Question 56

The most common use of DNA evidence in civil legal proceedings is ____________________.

Question 57

If the only solid evidence against a capital murder suspect in a trial were DNA profiles from hair taken from the crime scene and the suspect's DNA,what chance of an "accidental match" would be small enough for you to feel that the suspect is guilty "beyond reasonable doubt?"  Explain your reasoning.

Question 58

Summarize the concerns related to the use of transgenic crops.

Question 59

Explain the advantages of using recombinant DNA technology to produce human proteins in transgenic plants,animals,or cultured cells.

Question 60

Do you agree with the practice of engineering transgenic animals to be models of human disease?  Why or why not?