Deck 5: Attitudes: Evaluating and Responding to the Social World

Question 1

If,as Arkes and Tetlock have speculated,Jesse Jackson were to "fail" an IAT that asks about his attitudes toward African Americans,it is because ________.

A)he endorses negative stereotypes toward African Americans,but is nevertheless slower to respond to pairings of "African American" and "good" (than to African American and bad)
B)although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture,he is nevertheless slower to respond to pairings of "African American" and "bad" (than to African American and good)
C)in attempting to fake his score,he may inadvertently show negative attitudes toward African Americans
D)although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture,he has good knowledge of those stereotypes
E)stereotype threat may cause his anxiety in taking the test to result in faster responses to positive-word/African American pairings (than to negative-word/African American pairings)

Answer 1

although he does not endorse negative stereotypes of African Americans in the culture,he has good knowledge of those stereotypes

Question 2

Attitudes influence ________.

A)social thought and behavior
B)neither social thought nor social behavior
C)social thought only
D)antisocial thought only
E)social behavior only

Answer 2

social thought and behavior

Question 3

Subliminal conditioning ________.

A)cannot occur
B)is rarely used in deception experiments
C)means something other than what the participant thinks
D)occurs below the threshold of conscious awareness of its content
E)is a type of instrumental conditioning

Answer 3

occurs below the threshold of conscious awareness of its content

Question 4

Subliminal conditioning is ________.

A)instrumental conditioning that occurs with awareness of the stimuli that are used
B)observational learning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are use
C)zone of proximal development learning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used
D)instrumental conditioning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used
E)classical conditioning that occurs without our awareness of the stimuli that are used

Question 5

A form of social learning that occurs when responses to a particular stimulus lead to positive outcomes or allow the person to avoid negative outcomes is called ________.

A)the zone of proximal development
B)instrumental conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)social outcomes learning
E)observational learning

Question 6

The type of learning that is based on association of two or more stimuli is called ________.

A)social learning
B)instrumental conditioning
C)positive learning
D)classical conditioning
E)association learning

Question 7

Susan expresses indignation about illegal immigrants to one group of friends,but advocates for amnesty to another group.This is possible for her because ________.

A)Susan,in her own mind,believes these views are not necessarily inconsistent
B)Susan has no substantive attitude towards illegal immigrants
C)she is rewarded in one group for the former attitude,rewarded for the latter in the other group
D)Susan measures low on self-monitoring,a stable trait
E)members of the two groups never talk to each other

Question 8

If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate,then Billy's intention reflects a(n)________.

A)schema
B)cognition
C)heuristic
D)attitude
E)behavior

Question 9

Our tendency to evaluate stimuli as negative or positive occurs ________ we attempt to understand the meaning of the stimuli;this suggests that attitudes reflect a(n)________ stage of social thought.

A)before;early
B)before;late
C)after;late
D)both before and after;both early and late
E)after;early

Question 10

An involuntary negative reaction to a member of a stigmatized group is more likely to be the result of an ________ attitude.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)uncontrollable
D)egalitarian
E)angry

Question 11

Attitudes are ________.

A)the mechanism we use to reduce dissonance
B)the mechanism we can use to protect ourselves from unwanted views of ourselves
C)the process by which we adjust or adapt our behavior to particular circumstances
D)our evaluations of different aspects of the social world
E)our evaluations of ourselves

Question 12

Research has demonstrated that thinking about the future consequences of having one's daughter vaccinated for HPV led parents to have relatively more ____ thoughts as compared to ____ thoughts.

A)negative;positive
B)relevant;regretful
C)concrete;abstract
D)positive;negative
E)regretful;irrelevant

Question 13

Once an attitude has been formed,it may be ________.

A)impossible to change
B)very easy to change
C)very difficult to change
D)simple to change
E)difficult or easy to change,depending

Question 14

By reinforcing children with smiles,hugs,or attention when they repeat things they've heard their parents say,parents are using ________ to shape their children's attitudes.

A)instrumental conditioning
B)observational learning
C)positive regard
D)the zone of proximal development
E)classical conditioning

Question 15

One basic form of learning that helps to form our attitudes occurs when a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to cause reactions that were originally caused by another stimulus.This type of learning is known as ________.

A)the Premark principle
B)observational learning
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning
E)signal relations learning

Question 16

Initial evaluation of a stimulus generally refers to ________.

A)an explicit self-conscious process
B)an inferential thought process
C)a tendency to avoid a close examination of stimulus detail
D)a reaction of liking or disliking
E)the employment of several possible attitudes

Question 17

One study employing the IAT suggests that the gender gap in wages may be linked to implicit attitudes.Which of the following findings support this idea?

A)Reaction times are faster for associations between women and spending.
B)Reaction times are faster for associations between girls and debt.
C)Reaction times are slower for associations between men and wealth.
D)Reaction times are faster for associations between men and wealth.
E)Reaction times are faster for associations between women and wealth.

Question 18

Marshall wants to pledge Theta Phi fraternity.He may well ________ publicly,believing active member decision-makers will hear of his views.He is,in private,________ to express those same views.

A)badmouth other prospective pledges;quite likely
B)badmouth other fraternities;unlikely
C)compliment other fraternities;quite likely
D)compliment other prospective pledges;quite likely
E)compliment popular sororities;very likely

Question 19

Assume you have a negative stereotype of fraternity/sorority members as "stuck-up." Given an IAT with photos labeled "fraternity member" or "independent," and paired with the word "bad" or "good," your responses to the "fraternity member"/"bad" combination would likely be ________ than to "independent"/"bad" combinations.

A)slower
B)more forced
C)quicker
D)more mixed
E)more fake

Question 20

Classical conditioning suggests that people can learn to ________.

A)dislike stimuli to which they are initially neutral
B)dislike stimuli which gives them some sort of punishment
C)form evaluations only in the presence of others
D)prefer stimuli only after careful evaluation
E)form evaluations through spontaneous experiences

Question 21

We hold values similar to,and identify with,________.

A)members of our reference group(s)
B)members of our age group
C)people who dress similar to ourselves
D)people with similar tastes in homes/cars
E)We base our choices strictly on individuating cues.

Question 22

The mechanism by which we compare ourselves to other people to determine whether or not our perception of social reality is correct is known as ________.

A)reality checking
B)impression manifestation
C)social comparison
D)societal comparison
E)other comparison

Question 23

When we mistakenly believe that others' attitudes are different from our own,we are exhibiting ________.

A)attitude discordance
B)Stockholm syndrome
C)pluralistic ignorance
D)introspection
E)lack of social awareness

Question 24

Research suggests that the certainty of an attitude derives from a(n)________.

A)combination of extremity and clarity
B)tension between extremity and the need to follow norms
C)combination of trait stubbornness and perceptions of correctness
D)combination of clarity and perceptions of correctness
E)over simple clarity generally negatively correlated with actual correctness

Question 25

An attitude is more likely to influence a person's behavior if ________.

A)an important group the individual identifies with is opposed to the behavior supported by the attitude
B)the object of the attitude is relatively trivial or unimportant to the individual
C)the behavior supported by the attitude is particularly dramatic or drastic
D)the individual has had no prior personal experiences with the object of the attitude
E)the object of the attitude has important consequences for the individual

Question 26

In an experiment,males and females were shown a snack labeled "men's favorite" or "women's favorite." The snack labeled as preferred by their own gender was liked better by high-gender-identified participants more so than by participants who were low-gender-identified.This showed that ________.

A)people who identify more with their gender like snacks more than people who don't
B)males/females respectively are more generally drawn to snacks labeled as being preferred by their gender than to snacks not so labeled
C)low-gender-identified people will shy away from gender-linked products in general compared to high-gender-identified people
D)unlike high-gender-identified people,low-gender-identified people will likely exhibit little preference for snacks that are labeled as preferred by their gender
E)high-gender-identified people prefer snacks they believe are also preferred by members of their own gender,compared to snacks not so labeled

Question 27

Attitudes may be relatively stable or variable.A likely source of a change in the expression of an attitude is ________.

A)psychodynamic factors in the attitude-holder
B)the background of the holder of the attitude
C)the situation in which the attitude may or may not be expressed
D)length of time the attitude has been held
E)the nature of the attitude object

Question 28

Joe,a middle manager at a small company,strongly identifies with the higher-ups at his job.Regarding various political statements by them,it is safe to say that Joe ________.

A)recently agreed with them on a political matter
B)expects to agree with them on a political matter
C)did not agree with them on a political matter
D)Both A and B
E)Both B and C

Question 29

Students entering college who had social networks with more ____ attitudes toward affirmative action exhibited ____ change over the following two months.

A)diverse;more
B)similar;more
C)diverse;no
D)diverse: less
E)similar;no

Question 30

Simone feels somewhat ambivalent about premarital sex.However,most of her friends seem to be unambiguously in favor of sexual activity before marriage.As a result,in a recent group discussion in her health class,Simone expressed fairly strong opinions in favor of premarital sex and avoided voicing her real concerns about the topic.Simone's actions are most likely due to ________.

A)pluralistic ignorance
B)attitude discordance
C)impression motivation
D)attitude accessibility
E)peer pressure

Question 31

LaPiere's research with the Chinese couple pointed out the ________.

A)difficulty of studying actual behaviors during travel
B)concordance between actual attitudes and reported conditions
C)strong agreement between reported attitudes and actual behavior
D)difficulty of predicting actual behavior from reported attitudes
E)consistent prejudice against Chinese visitors

Question 32

According to the process of instrumental conditioning,behavior will be displayed often by an individual if ________.

A)it is reinforced
B)the individual sees a role model perform the action
C)it is ignored
D)it is preceded by a pleasant subliminal stimulus
E)it is preceded by a pleasant stimulus

Question 33

Having not met any members of a new social group,you hear a person expressing negative views of that group.Your attitude toward the new group would not be likely influenced by hearing this negative message if ________.

A)you like the person expressing the view,but believe his or her view to be unsubstantiated
B)you do not expect to be meeting any members of the new social group in the near future
C)the person expressing the attitude is someone you dislike and see as dissimilar to yourself
D)you are generally oriented toward taking contrarian views
E)you see the person expressing the message as subtly similar to members of the new social group

Question 34

People tend to prefer situations that allow them to ________.

A)confront behaviors that are inconsistent with their attitudes
B)carefully consider all alternatives
C)maintain a match between their attitudes and behavior
D)display discrepancies between their attitudes and behavior
E)confront issues inconsistent with their attitudes

Question 35

Juan feels unsure about the correctness of his attitude about a new rule at his job.He may feel more correct in his attitude if ________.

A)he simply lets management do its job
B)he thinks more generally about the costs and benefits of his job
C)he finds out that most of his coworkers share his attitude
D)a management person helps him see the wisdom of the new rule
E)co-workers confront him regarding his attitude

Question 36

If we form an attitude by watching television,this is called ________ learning.

A)acquired
B)observational
C)comparison
D)judgment-based
E)media-based

Question 37

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates a situation where there is a gap between our attitudes and behavior?

A)Greg tells his father that he plans to do his homework,but fails to do so when the power goes out minutes later.
B)Roz tells her new boyfriend that she is extremely excited to see the new James Bond movie,even though she truly dreads seeing that film.
C)Hank wants to move to a new apartment but doesn't have enough money for the move.
D)Marilyn tells her son that she will purchase him some chocolate chip cookies,but her son is dissatisfied with her choice.
E)Peter tells his friend that his favorite baseball team is the New York Yankees,even though he attended only a few games last season.

Question 38

Whistle-blowers generally "blow the whistle" on corporate misbehavior because of what three attributes?

A)Their attitude is strong and vengeful,and their holder wants to go public with it.
B)Their attitude is extreme,certain,and derives from personal experience.
C)Most whistle-blowing incidents stem from personal disagreements between management and the whistle-blower.
D)Their attitude is extreme and long-held,and combined with a fearless personality.
E)Their attitude is risk-seeking,dynamic,and ruthless.

Question 39

Overall,the relationship between attitudes and behavior is ________.

A)based on personality attributes
B)reliable,with some exceptions
C)almost non-existent
D)based on gender
E)only found in contrived experiments

Question 40

In LaPiere's classic study,a young Chinese couple traveled across the U.S.A.and reported being treated courteously at virtually every restaurant and hotel.A follow-up survey asking for attitudes toward Chinese travelers found that ________.

A)the level of service was highly correlated with the attitudes expressed on the survey
B)the ethnicity of other travelers was highly influential in determining survey responses from managers of hotels and restaurants
C)social norms generally accounted for the positive attitudes expressed on the survey
D)most restaurant and hotel managers responded that they would refuse service to Chinese travelers
E)the researchers had mistakenly surveyed only establishments the couple had not visited

Question 41

Wendy,Greta,Tom,and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight.Based on the information below,which of them is MOST likely to lose weight?

A)Greta,who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet
B)Bill,who feels that it is important to cut back his calorie intake but is unsure of whether he will need to increase his exercise
C)Wendy,who appreciates the importance of regular exercise but says that it is difficult to find the time to do so
D)Tom,who wants to lose weight but tells others that he really doesn't understand why people make such a fuss over diet and exercise
E)None of them will lose weight.

Question 42

To increase the effectiveness of a message,the communicator (source)should be credible and ________.

A)ambiguous
B)attractive
C)intelligent
D)distracting
E)short

Question 43

Messages that provide a preliminary announcement that the message is intended to change our opinion are ________.

A)as effective as those that do not forewarn us of this attempt
B)less effective than those that do not forewarn us of this attempt
C)more effective if the content is humorous,less effective otherwise
D)more effective than those that do not forewarn us of this attempt
E)less effective if the content is humorous,more effective otherwise

Question 44

A message intended to reduce cheating among high school students is more likely to be effective if it is delivered by ________.

A)an elderly teacher
B)an attractive and popular student
C)a local politician
D)None of these is likely to be effective.
E)All of these are likely to be effective.

Question 45

A CEO of a mid-western company gave a press briefing and espoused some fairly restrictive regulations aimed to reduce carbon emissions and water pollution.His excellent credibility was probably due to the fact that ________.

A)many people in the area work for him
B)he is CEO of a chemical company
C)TV is an excellent means by which to express one's attitude
D)he is highly certain of his views
E)most viewers had not been forewarned about his message

Question 46

Attitudes formed on the basis of direct personal experience with the object are generally ________.

A)more likely to have a weak effect on behavior
B)more likely to have a strong effect on behavior
C)less likely to have a strong effect on behavior
D)unlikely to have a permanent effect on behavior
E)less likely to have any effect on behavior

Question 47

The strongest attitudes for an individual are usually acquired through ________.

A)cognitive processes
B)social learning
C)parental influence
D)peer influence
E)direct experience

Question 48

The earliest research involving persuasion,by Hovland and others,focused on what three key elements?

A)Credibility;syntax;audience
B)Overt message;subliminal message;audience
C)Source;message;audience
D)Source;effect;speech
E)Source;message;receptiveness

Question 49

Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude and ________,which both influence our behavior.

A)knowledge of social norms
B)rational thought processes
C)situational constraints on our behavior
D)intent to act in a particular way
E)impression management functions

Question 50

Efforts to change our attitudes by using different kinds of messages is (are)known as ________.

A)intentions
B)norms
C)hypocrisy
D)persuasion
E)subliminal conditioning

Question 51

Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of planned behavior suggests that the choice of whether or not to engage in a specific behavior is determined ________.

A)irrationally
B)by observing others
C)rationally
D)subconsciously
E)perceptually

Question 52

Jacque is driving,thinking about ways to get in shape.Someone cuts him off in traffic,so he gets angry and calls the driver a name.He later goes to the gym to start an exercise program.Research by ________ is more likely to explain his angry behavior,while ________'s research better explains Jacque's behavior toward the exercise program.

A)Festinger;Fishbein and Ajzen
B)Fazio;Fishbein and Ajzen
C)Chaiken;Festinger
D)Fishbein and Ajzen;Chaiken
E)Cacioppo;Chaiken

Question 53

Suppose a breaking news story has occurred involving an incident of terrorism.A certain news station invites a well-respected terrorism scholar to discuss the event.His views will likely be persuasive because he will be seen as ________.

A)credible
B)one-sided
C)pluralistic
D)not trying to change others' attitudes
E)physically attractive

Question 54

Fazio's attitude-to-behavior process model suggests that an event may activate an attitude,which influences our ________.

A)spreading of alternatives
B)social norms
C)perceived behavioral control
D)perceptions of the attitude object
E)motives to behave in a particular way

Question 55

According to the theory of planned behavior,our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior,our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior,and ________.

A)our attitudes toward a particular behavior
B)others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior
C)others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately
D)our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives
E)our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation

Question 56

According to the theory of planned behavior,our behavioral intentions are partially determined by our attitudes toward a particular behavior,our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior,and ________.

A)others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior
B)others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately
C)our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation
D)our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives
E)our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior

Question 57

The first step we take in making a decision about pursuing a particular behavior is to consider ________,according to the theory of planned behavior.

A)various conflicting attitudes we may hold
B)the subjective norms that may be relevant
C)various behavioral options
D)whether the behavior is within our abilities
E)whether important others are engaging in the planned behavior

Question 58

Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it.The change came about because ________.

A)others' arguments about the policy seemed quite strong
B)others were able to explain the policy to him
C)he realized how the students at the meeting were dissimilar to him
D)during the meeting,the school seemed ambivalent toward its own policy
E)he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy

Question 59

The source of a message influences its effectiveness.To increase the effectiveness of a message,the communicator should be attractive and ________.

A)intelligent
B)credible
C)short
D)distracting
E)ambiguous

Question 60

According to the theory of planned behavior,our behavioral intentions are determined in part by our perceptions of whether others will approve or disapprove of the behavior,our attitudes toward a particular behavior,and ________.

A)our perceptions of whether the behavior is considered appropriate for our situation
B)others' perceptions of our motivation for engaging in the particular behavior
C)our perceptions of whether the behavior will be instrumental in achieving our stated objectives
D)our perceptions of our ability to perform the behavior
E)others' perceptions of whether we have the ability to perform the behavior adequately

Question 61

An advertising company has been hired by the Centers for Disease Control to produce TV commercials to increase awareness of breast cancer in males.Advertising executives are considering three different commercials.The first features actual patients who describe the pain they experienced from the disease.The second focuses on medical doctors discussing early detection strategies and treatment options.The third shows grieving family members surrounding a grave.Which is likely to be more effective at changing men's behavior?

A)The first,focusing on actual patients and their negative outcomes
B)The second,focusing on specific information that will reduce fear
C)The third,focusing on the ultimate outcome of ignoring the potential problem
D)None of these will be effective.
E)All of these will be equally effective.

Question 62

In a study,people who were at risk for serious illness,but did not see themselves as such (compared to those who accurately saw themselves as at risk)were persuaded to be tested because the persuasive message was framed in terms of ________.

A)gains to be had rather than losses to be suffered
B)being the first step in getting on a program of regular testing
C)quicker but more expensive procedures rather than waiting for tests
D)better detailed explanations of the risks of not being tested given by attractive "doctors"
E)demonstrating to others who felt they were at risk that there was nothing to worry about

Question 63

In the study involving the effects of caffeine and distraction on the effectiveness of persuasive messages,researchers found that ________ relevant to the arguments about the attitude object ________ in the ________ condition because ________.

A)the number of thoughts;increased;caffeine;attentional focus was higher on the arguments
B)number of thoughts;decreased;caffeine;participants focus was jangled by the effects of the caffeine
C)the level of resistance;increased;placebo;participants thought more about counterarguments
D)the number of peripheral cues;increased;caffeine;participants were distracted by them
E)the number of thoughts;increased;placebo;participants could concentrate in a relaxed way on the arguments

Question 64

A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech.Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages,the demonstration is useful because ________.

A)the distraction will allow the candidate to pose for the cameras while pausing in the speech
B)the demonstration might create a "bandwagon effect"
C)distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech
D)such demonstrations are an expected part of the political process
E)the distraction will allow the candidate to address his opposition directly

Question 65

Being forewarned of the persuasive intent of a message will frequently help people to resist the effects of the message.This is because forewarning ________.

A)allows us a greater opportunity to create counterarguments
B)activates heuristic processes
C)increases cognitive dissonance
D)decreases the likelihood of reactance
E)allows us to "tune out" the message completely

Question 66

Messages that arouse strong levels of fear are ________.

A)ineffective at stimulating the third person effect
B)effective at changing behavior
C)effective at stimulating the third person effect
D)ineffective at changing behavior
E)counterproductive when immediate action is needed

Question 67

The central route to persuasion involves ________.

A)careful consideration of the ideas contained by a message
B)rules of thumb and mental shortcuts to making a decision about the message
C)voluntary suspension of disbelief
D)specific aspects of the communicator
E)emotional reactance

Question 68

Experimenters gave people strong arguments to persuade them away from a belief.Some were given coffee,others a placebo.Some were given a high distraction,others a low one.In terms of attitude change,results showed that ________.

A)high distraction showed no difference between the effects of coffee and placebo conditions
B)low distraction resulted in no difference between the effects of coffee and placebo conditions
C)high and low distraction conditions produced about the same effect overall
D)low distraction produced a higher effect in the coffee compared to placebo condition
E)the coffee condition generally produced a greater focus on peripheral aspects of the message

Question 69

When heuristic processing is involved,the degree of persuasion ________.

A)has no detectable effect on our behavior
B)is not increased by strong arguments in the message
C)is increased by large numbers of arguments in the message
D)is increased by strong arguments in the message
E)is unaffected by personal characteristics of the communicator

Question 70

In what health context might positive messages be much better than fear-inducing messages for effecting behavior change?

A)When health officials want to get children to see the school nurse
B)When males are worried about painful examinations or tests
C)When the message's health concern is not serious and does not involve a prescription
D)When the message's health concern is very serious or fatal
E)When the source is actually a physician

Question 71

People can become more resistant to attitudinal changes if they are first presented with opposing views and ________.

A)counterarguments to the opposing views
B)counterarguments to the currently held views
C)factual information without any emotional appeals
D)arguments that support the opposing views
E)emotional appeals to remain strong in their beliefs

Question 72

Bethany has been listening to a political speaker who is encouraging people to support a law that would require all people to recycle aluminum cans,and severely penalize those who do not recycle.The speaker is giving strong arguments in favor of this proposed law and is couching his appeal in moral and ethical language.As a result,Bethany is becoming increasingly annoyed and resentful of the speaker and his arguments.She may be experiencing ________.

A)biased assimilation
B)acceptance
C)cognitive dissonance
D)reactance
E)counterfactual thinking

Question 73

An anti-smoking advertisement that features photographs of diseased lungs,people using oxygen tanks to offset the effects of lung disease,and funerals,but does not include information about quitting smoking,is likely to be ineffective because it will probably ________.

A)induce too much fear
B)induce a desire to smoke more among some people
C)trivialize the consequences of smoking
D)create cognitive dissonance in viewers
E)violate our social norms

Question 74

One reason that distractions may increase the persuasiveness of a message is because distractions ________.

A)prevent heuristic processing from occurring
B)enhance the appearance of humility in the person delivering the message
C)enhance the apparent intelligence level of the person delivering the message
D)prevent systematic processing of the message content
E)enhance systematic processing of the message content

Question 75

Emma is trying to convince her professor that he gave her an unfair grade.She continues to pester him for several days,as her arguments become ever more extreme.Ultimately,the professor tells Emma,"I will not change your grade;moreover,you should be thankful for the grade you received!" Emma's professor likely resisted changing her grade because he ________.

A)perceived her as attempting to gain an unfair advantage relative to her classmates
B)saw her as being atypically confrontive and irritating relative to her classmates
C)became convinced she cared nothing for the class,but only cared about her image
D)felt strongly that he was being pushed to do something he didn't want to do,rather than being asked
E)found it impossible to admit to himself that he simply didn't like Emma

Question 76

Messages that arouse moderate levels of fear are effective at changing behavior if they ________.

A)include specific information about the source of the fear
B)also modify or suppress the third person effect
C)are followed by messages that arouse stronger levels of fear
D)include specific information about steps we can take to reduce the fear
E)activate the self-esteem function of attitudes

Question 77

Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights.This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic.Jason is most likely to be persuaded by ________.

A)strong,convincing arguments
B)any message delivered by an attractive and competent speaker
C)emotional appeals
D)irrational arguments delivered by an attractive and competent speaker
E)any message that challenges his knowledge

Question 78

According to the elaboration-likelihood and the heuristic-systematic models of persuasion,the two key factors that will determine whether we engage in effortful or effortless processing of information are one's ________.

A)capacity to process information and level of motivation
B)desire to arrive at the best decision and personality characteristics
C)level of motivation and concern for pleasing others
D)general belief in oneself and concern for pleasing others
E)level of physical attractiveness and general intellect

Question 79

________ is our negative reaction to perceived threats to our personal freedom.

A)Hypocrisy
B)Trivialization
C)Forewarning
D)Reactance
E)Avoidance

Question 80

The heuristic-systematic model of persuasion suggests that we engage in ________.

A)less effortful processing when we have relatively more knowledge about the message's topic
B)less effortful processing when we lack ability or capacity for more careful processing
C)less effortful processing when our attitudes and behaviors do not agree with each other
D)more effortful processing when we are particularly concerned by the topic of the message
E)more effortful processing when our attitudes and behaviors do not agree with each other