Deck 2: The Self in a Social World

Question 1

A study by Gilovich et al.(2000)had college students wear T-shirts with singer Barry Manilow on them.They found that participants overestimated the degree to which other people would notice the T-shirt.Which of the following concepts did this study explore?

A)the transparency effect
B)the audience effect
C)the spotlight effect
D)the halo effect

Answer 1

the spotlight effect

Question 2

Matthew gives a presentation to his interviewers.He is nervous,and he presumes that his nervousness is obvious to the interviewers.He fears that they would consider him an incompetent candidate.As a result,he becomes more nervous,his voice quivers,and his hands tremble.Matthew's rising nervousness is caused by:

A)defensive pessimism.
B)the false consensus effect.
C)the illusion of transparency.
D)cognitive dissonance.

Answer 2

the illusion of transparency.

Question 3

When facing competition,we often protect our self-concept by perceiving:

A)ourselves as superior to the competitor.
B)the competitor as inefficient and disorganized.
C)the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us.
D)the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.

Answer 3

the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.

Question 4

In the study conducted by Savitsky and Gilovich (2003),public speakers who were informed about the illusion-of-transparency phenomenon felt:

A)more nervous while speaking.
B)better about their speech and appearance.
C)worse about their appearance while speaking.
D)no different about their speech.

Question 5

The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they actually are is referred to as the ________ effect.

A)transparency
B)audience
C)spotlight
D)halo

Question 6

Jonas has a group of friends in a social networking site.When any of his friends are on vacation in a foreign country and post pictures on the site,he feels bad about himself.To measure up to his friends,he often borrows money to take such vacations.Which of the following psychological phenomena is exemplified in this scenario?

A)social balance
B)social comparison
C)social entropy
D)social interface

Question 7

Charlie contributes money to every charity program in his community even if he does not have ample resources.He fears that otherwise he may be labeled a miser.In reality,most members of his community do not notice whether Charlie contributes or not.Which of the following psychological effects is exemplified in this scenario?

A)the false consensus effect
B)the observer effect
C)the spotlight effect
D)the halo effect

Question 8

Which of the following is an example of the use of social comparison?

A)Matt feels he is satisfied with his life after meditating by himself.
B)Matt feels he is rich when his friends have a lower annual income.
C)Matt feels he is smart when he is among a group of smart colleagues.
D)Matt feels he should take care of his health after he suffers a cardiac arrest.

Question 9

The spotlight effect and the related illusion of transparency are two examples of the interplay between one's sense of ________ and one's social worlds.

A)morality
B)social judgment
C)self
D)collectivism

Question 10

An example of how social comparisons can actually breed misery,rather than satisfaction,is when we:

A)underestimate others' appraisal against our own.
B)perceive other competitors to be at a disadvantage.
C)raise the standards by which we evaluate our own attainments.
D)stop comparing ourselves with others doing even better.

Question 11

Our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves is described by sociologist Charles H.Cooley as:

A)a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)self-realization.
C)self-justification.
D)the looking-glass self.

Question 12

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others is referred to as the illusion of:

A)transparency.
B)self-efficacy.
C)knowledge.
D)awareness.

Question 13

The extent to which one evaluates one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called:

A)comparative analysis.
B)competitive comparison.
C)social ranking.
D)social comparison.

Question 14

In the context of psychology,________ are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.

A)attributes
B)efficacies
C)schemas
D)perspectives

Question 15

Chloe dyes her hair blue and goes to school.She assumes that the students will stare at her and comment on her hair color.However,only a few of her friends really notice her dyed hair.Which of the following psychological effects is best exemplified in this scenario?

A)the lawn dart effect
B)the observer effect
C)the spotlight effect
D)the halo effect

Question 16

________ is defined as the beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.

A)Self-actualization
B)Self-schema
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-realization

Question 17

Under individualism,becoming an adult means ________.

A)living with relatives
B)becoming self-reliant
C)defining one's social,dependent self
D)uniting with parents

Question 18

The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how:

A)self-interest colors our social judgment.
B)social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
C)self-concern motivates our social behavior.
D)social relationships help define our self.

Question 19

Ron remembers Phil's birthday,which is in the same month as his,but fails to recall Alex's birthday,which is in a different month.Though both of them are his friends,Ron's ability to recall Phil's birthday but not Alex's can be best explained through the concept of:

A)self-schema.
B)social comparison.
C)Schadenfreude.
D)individualism.

Question 20

Which of the following terms denotes what we know and believe about ourselves?

A)self-control
B)Schadenfreude
C)altruism
D)self-concept

Question 21

After graduation,Noah decides to move out of his parents' home.He wants to establish an identity of his own and does not want to depend on his parents any longer.Noah tries to develop ________ in this scenario.

A)social cohesion
B)social solidarity
C)an independent self
D)an interdependent self

Question 22

In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country,liberals tend to be economic ________ ("let's pass universal health care")and moral ________ ("keep your laws off my body").

A)individualists;collectivists
B)collectivists;individualists
C)progressivists;traditionalists
D)traditionalists;progressivists

Question 23

Which of the following statements is true of the interdependent self?

A)The interdependent self is not strongly embedded in social membership.
B)With an interdependent self,one's personal identity is established by individual traits and goals.
C)With an interdependent self,one has a greater sense of belonging.
D)The interdependent self creates social barriers as it disapproves of conformity and adopts egotism.

Question 24

According to Woodzicka and LaFrance (2001),women reported that they would feel angry if asked sexually harassing questions during a job interview.When actually asked such questions,women more often experienced:

A)annoyance.
B)rage.
C)fear.
D)irritation.

Question 25

Who among the following most likely belongs to an individualistic culture?

A)Jessica,who becomes angry and sad when her classmates question her personal identity
B)Nicholas,who compares his grades with students who earn high grades in order to facilitate self-improvement
C)Mia,who refrains from self-enhancement by believing that she is better than her classmates
D)Christopher,who associates himself with positive words and family and societal traits

Question 26

Which of the following maxims best represents the concept of individualism?

A)Two heads are better than one.
B)Be true to yourself.
C)Father knows best.
D)It takes a village to raise a child.

Question 27

According to the report of Steven Heine and co-researchers (1999),self-esteem ________ among Japanese exchange students after spending seven months at the University of British Columbia,suggesting that their selfconcepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.

A)decreased
B)increased
C)peaked and then dropped sharply
D)remained constant

Question 28

A person from a(n)________ culture is more likely to attribute their success to their own personal efforts.

A)collectivistic
B)individualistic
C)narcissistic
D)egocentric

Question 29

In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country,conservatives tend to be economic ________ ("don't tax or regulate me")and moral ________ ("legislate against immorality").

A)individualists;collectivists
B)collectivists;individualists
C)progressivists;traditionalists
D)traditionalists;progressivists

Question 30

An individual believes that there should be more welfare programs for the poor and people should have the freedom to live their lives as they wish.Based on this scenario,this individual most likely follows a political philosophy called:

A)liberalism.
B)conservativism.
C)imperialism.
D)neofascism.

Question 31

Samantha always gets lower grades than Samuel,her twin.Although she is not bothered about other students in her class who score less than her,she has deeply affected by scoring less than Samuel.In the context of self and culture,identify the perspective of Samantha in this scenario.

A)individualism
B)collectivism
C)interdependence
D)altruism

Question 32

Identify a characteristic of collectivistic cultures.

A)Collectivistic cultures disapprove of conformity.
B)Identity is social and defined by connections with others.
C)Collectivistic cultures approve of egotism.
D)The illustrative motto is "To thine own self be true."

Question 33

Kitayama and Markus (2000)found that for American students happiness comes with feeling:

A)close and friendly.
B)superior and proud.
C)humble and chivalrous.
D)included and familiar.

Question 34

Giving priority to the goals of one's group,such as one's family or workplace,and defining one's identity accordingly is known as:

A)individualism.
B)narcissism.
C)collectivism.
D)hedonism.

Question 35

Self-esteem is more personal and less relational for people in a(n)________ culture.

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)interdependent
D)socialistic

Question 36

People are self-critical and focus less on positive self-views in a(n)________ culture.

A)individualistic
B)collectivistic
C)narcissistic
D)egocentric

Question 37

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of:

A)socialism.
B)communism.
C)collectivism.
D)individualism.

Question 38

An individual opposes the taxation of people with high income.The individual also supports legislation against immoral activities in the United States.In the context of political views,the individual is most likely a(n):

A)liberal.
B)conservative.
C)progressivist.
D)imperialist.

Question 39

Who among the following most likely belongs to a collectivistic culture?

A)Antoni,who shouts at people who do not follow his rules or who criticize these rules
B)Maria,who buys luxury items and considers her extravagant choices as expressions of herself
C)Hailey,who places more value on her ancestral tradition and shared practices than anything else
D)Sergei,who prefers to enhance his individual self and make independent choices

Question 40

According to Wilson and Gilbert (2003),people have the greatest difficulty predicting the ________ of their future emotions.

A)reliability
B)frequency
C)intensity and duration
D)stability and permanency

Question 41

In the context of attitudes about the self,which of the following attitudes represents one's consciously controlled attitudes regarding someone or something?

A)direct
B)indirect
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 42

Children and adults with strong feelings of self-efficacy are more ________ than those with low self-efficacy.

A)persistent
B)anxious
C)depressed
D)inconsistent

Question 43

Studies of "affective forecasting," as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003,required participants to predict their future:

A)school performance.
B)family situation.
C)thoughts.
D)emotions.

Question 44

You notice that your niece is unusually persistent when working on her homework.She rarely claims that she is unable to complete an assignment and is academically successful.You would be correct in speculating that she likely has strong feelings of:

A)self-efficacy.
B)narcissism.
C)collectivism.
D)transparency.

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true of self-efficacy?

A)People with strong feelings of self-efficacy are usually more depressed than others.
B)When problems arise,a strong sense of self-efficacy leads people to stay calm and seek solutions.
C)People with strong feelings of self-efficacy are usually more anxious than others.
D)When problems arise,a strong sense of self-efficacy leads people to ruminate on their inadequacy.

Question 46

According to a series of experiments conducted by Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister (1998),undergraduate volunteers who scored high on both self-esteem and narcissism:

A)hated themselves "deep down inside."
B)cared the most about relationships with others.
C)were aggressive toward someone who praised them.
D)were the most aggressive.

Question 47

People are prone to "impact bias," or ________ the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.

A)disregarding
B)denying
C)underestimating
D)overestimating

Question 48

Talia,a project manager,estimates that a project will take a year to complete.She gets the estimation approved,although it increases the cost of the project.However,the project takes only 8 months to complete.In the context of self-knowledge,this scenario exemplifies the concept of ________.

A)the illusion of transparency
B)the planning fallacy
C)the dual attitude system
D)the spotlight effect

Question 49

A sense that one is competent and effective refers to one's:

A)self-esteem.
B)self-aggrandizement.
C)self-worth.
D)self-efficacy.

Question 50

People with low self-esteem are more likely than people with high self-esteem to:

A)be satisfied with their relationships.
B)take a negative view of everything.
C)believe that their partners like them.
D)have an inflated sense of self.

Question 51

A "dual attitude system" exists when we have ________ attitudes toward the same object.

A)similar direct and indirect
B)only positive
C)differing explicit and implicit
D)only negative

Question 52

Which of the following statements is true of narcissists?

A)They typically have high self-esteem.
B)They have a deep-seated feeling of inferiority.
C)They care deeply about their relationships with others.
D)They think that others are better than them.

Question 53

Which of the following terms is defined as a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth?

A)self-contempt
B)self-annihilation
C)self-esteem
D)self-delusion

Question 54

You just broke up with someone you had been dating for a few months.You are surprised at how upset you are over the breakup,given that the relationship was not that serious.This is an example of how people have difficulty predicting the:

A)type of their future emotions.
B)sequence of their future emotions.
C)frequency of their future emotions.
D)intensity of their future emotions.

Question 55

Identify the true statement about self-monitoring.

A)People low in self-monitoring are externally guided and are less likely to talk and act as they believe.
B)People high in self-monitoring are more committed to their relationships.
C)People low in self-monitoring care less about what others think.
D)People high in self-monitoring are less likely to be dissatisfied in their marriages.

Question 56

Identify the true statement about people with low self-esteem.

A)They prefer responses that validate their negative experiences.
B)They are most likely to ignore and neglect others' worst behaviors.
C)They usually choose less desirable partners.
D)They are usually less prone to loneliness and eating disorders.

Question 57

A ________ study is one in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)transversal
D)prevalence

Question 58

Which statement is most accurate regarding self-analysis?

A)We are incapable of comparing ourselves with others.
B)We can always predict the intensity and duration of our feelings accurately.
C)We know and can predict our behavior better than others can.
D)We are unaware of much that goes on in our minds.

Question 59

In the context of predicting our behavior,the planning fallacy is the tendency to:

A)overanalyze the significance of any task that must be completed.
B)avoid making any specific plans for a short-term goal.
C)predict accurately the number of people required to complete a task.
D)underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.

Question 60

In the context of the dual attitude system,identify the type of attitudes that represent unconscious attitudes regarding someone or something.

A)internal
B)external
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 61

Identify a true statement about growing individualism within cultures.

A)Chinese citizens in their early twenties are less likely than older Chinese citizens to agree with individualistic statements.
B)Today's young Americans report significantly less positive self-views than young people did in the 1960s and 1970s.
C)The more individualistic the time or the place,the more children receive unique names.
D)In individualistic cultures,being different and standing out are seen as detrimental.

Question 62

On subjective,socially desirable,and common dimensions,most people:

A)view others as superior.
B)view everyone as relatively average.
C)ignore their strengths.
D)see themselves as better than the average person.

Question 63

The tendency to perceive oneself favorably is referred to as:

A)impact bias.
B)in-group bias.
C)self-deprecating bias.
D)self-serving bias.

Question 64

Morela thinks that her peers view her as being tidy and prim.She then continues to imagine that her friends possibly think that she is the most tidy in her group.This is an example of ________.

A)the looking-glass self
B)impact bias
C)hindsight bias
D)the self-handicap effect

Question 65

Miguel is a new recruit at an apparel store.His team has 10 members,and he adapts himself to the needs of his team.He places more importance on the goals of his team than on his own goals and tries to identify himself with the identity of the team.The traits exhibited by Miguel are most similar to those of individuals belonging to a(n)________ culture.

A)collectivistic
B)individualistic
C)hedonistic
D)narcissistic

Question 66

Identify a characteristic that is most commonly identified with individualistic cultures.

A)They emphasize personal achievement.
B)They appreciate conformity.
C)They encourage positive social engagement.
D)They disapprove of egotism.

Question 67

The management board of a construction company decides to invest and expand the business to real estate.However,Adam,one of the board members,is skeptical of this idea because he anticipates some trouble.He convinces the other board members to abandon this plan.Adam is proved right when the country's real estate business collapses.In the context of self-serving bias,this scenario exemplifies a phenomenon called:

A)unrealistic optimism.
B)planning fallacy.
C)collective narcissism.
D)defensive pessimism.

Question 68

Lucy does not wear a helmet when riding her motorcycle.She believes that she is less vulnerable to road accidents than others are.In the context of self-serving bias,this scenario exemplifies the concept of:

A)unrealistic optimism.
B)planning fallacy.
C)collective narcissism.
D)self-handicapping.

Question 69

In the context of self-serving attributions,saying "I earned an A on my psychology test" versus "My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test" exemplifies how we:

A)attribute negative outcomes to ourselves and positive outcome to others.
B)attribute positive outcomes to ourselves and negative outcomes to others.
C)associate ourselves with a lack of hope and distance ourselves from pride.
D)associate ourselves with punishment and distance ourselves from rewards.

Question 70

Paul,a cab driver,is proud of his driving skills.One day,he has an accident while talking on his phone and driving and injures a person.He blames the person's carelessness for the accident.Which of the following psychological phenomena is exemplified in this scenario?

A)the false consensus effect
B)the spotlight effect
C)defensive pessimism
D)self-serving attributions

Question 71

Deunoro believes that he has incredible academic abilities and that he will easily get a job when he completes college.He also believes that he will always remain employed at the highest position in a company because of his academic qualifications.This is an example of ________.

A)unrealistic optimism
B)collective narcissism
C)defensive pessimism
D)egoistic individualism

Question 72

Vincent was an addictive cigarette smoker and has recently quit smoking.He roams around with his friends who are regular smokers and,on many occasions,he is tempted to smoke.He reiterates that he has high will power that would easily overcome his temptation to smoke,even though he clearly struggles to hide his temptation to smoke.This is an example of ________.

A)false consensus
B)illusory optimism
C)collective narcissism
D)defensive optimism

Question 73

Identify the true statement about illusory optimism.

A)It enables people to take sensible precautions in any circumstances.
B)It increases the level of vulnerability in people.
C)It encourages people to be more proactive than reactive.
D)It is otherwise known as the planning fallacy.

Question 74

Which of the following statements best exemplifies unrealistic optimism?

A)If I study enough,I'll do well on this exam.
B)I'm sure I'll get any job in the world before I even graduate.
C)The stock market is a very risky place.
D)If I quit smoking,I'll lower my risk of cancer and other related diseases.

Question 75

In contrast to individualistic cultures,self-esteem in collectivist cultures is more likely to be ________.

A)malleable
B)stable
C)personal
D)less rational

Question 76

Compared with people in general,most people perceive themselves as:

A)less intelligent than others.
B)less attractive than others.
C)less prejudiced than others.
D)less insightful than others.

Question 77

In the context of self-serving bias,which of the following statements represents the concept of self-serving attributions?

A)People attribute their success to their effort and failure to their lack of ability.
B)People attribute their success to their ability and failure to external factors.
C)People anticipate problems and harness their anxiety to motivate effective action.
D)People overestimate the commonality of their opinions and their undesirable behaviors.

Question 78

Belicia chooses a designated driver to drive her home whenever she goes out for a party.She believes that this virtue of hers is exceptional and that no one else is as precautious as she is.This scenario best exemplifies:

A)the false consensus effect.
B)impact bias.
C)the false uniqueness effect.
D)hindsight bias.

Question 79

Who among the following in the United States achieve the most academically as students and earn the highest median income as adults,yet have the lowest self-esteem?

A)African-Americans
B)Native Americans
C)Latin Americans
D)Asian-Americans

Question 80

Most cultures native to Asia,Africa,and Central and South America place a greater emphasis than other cultures on ________.

A)individualism
B)narcissism
C)collectivism
D)hedonism