Question 1

What is self-handicapping? Why do people engage in it?

Accepted Answer

Self-handicapping is a behavior in which individuals create obstacles or excuses for themselves in order to protect their self-esteem in the face of potential failure. This can include procrastinating, making excuses, or engaging in self-destructive behaviors that may undermine their performance.

There are several reasons why people engage in self-handicapping. One reason is to protect their self-esteem. By creating a built-in excuse for potential failure, individuals can attribute their poor performance to the obstacle they created rather than their own abilities. This allows them to maintain a positive self-image, even in the face of failure.

Another reason for self-handicapping is to manage others' perceptions of their abilities. By creating obstacles or excuses, individuals can preemptively explain away any potential failure, thus protecting their reputation and avoiding negative judgments from others.

Additionally, some individuals may engage in self-handicapping as a way to cope with anxiety or fear of failure. By creating obstacles, they may feel less pressure to succeed and can avoid the anxiety that comes with high expectations.

Overall, self-handicapping is a complex behavior that serves to protect individuals' self-esteem, manage others' perceptions, and cope with anxiety. However, it can ultimately be detrimental to their long-term success and well-being.

Question 2

Charlie contributes money to every charity program in his community even if he does not have ample resources.He fears that otherwise he may be labeled a miser.In reality,most members of his community do not notice whether Charlie contributes or not.Which of the following psychological effects is exemplified in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

A) the false consensus effect 
B) the observer effect 
C) the spotlight effect 
D) the halo effect 
A) the false consensus effect 
B) the observer effect 
C) the spotlight effect 
D) the halo effect C

Question 3

When asked "Tell me something about yourself" Juanita answers,"I am athletic and intelligent." Juanita's answer most likely describes her:

Accepted Answer

A) locus of control. 
B) ideal self. 
C) possible self. 
D) self-schema. 
A) locus of control. 
B) ideal self. 
C) possible self. 
D) self-schema. D

Question 4

When facing competition,we often protect our self-concept by perceiving:

Accepted Answer

A) ourselves as superior to the competitor. 
B) the competitor as inefficient and disorganized. 
C) the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us. 
D) the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us. 
A) ourselves as superior to the competitor. 
B) the competitor as inefficient and disorganized. 
C) the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us. 
D) the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.

Question 5

A ________ study is one in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.

Accepted Answer

A) cross-sectional 
B) longitudinal 
C) transversal 
D) prevalence 
A) cross-sectional 
B) longitudinal 
C) transversal 
D) prevalence

Question 6

In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country,conservatives tend to be economic ________ ("don't tax or regulate me")and moral ________ ("legislate against immorality").

Accepted Answer

A) individualists;collectivists 
B) collectivists;individualists 
C) progressivists;traditionalists 
D) traditionalists;progressivists 
A) individualists;collectivists 
B) collectivists;individualists 
C) progressivists;traditionalists 
D) traditionalists;progressivists

Question 7

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of:

Accepted Answer

A) socialism. 
B) communism. 
C) collectivism. 
D) individualism. 
A) socialism. 
B) communism. 
C) collectivism. 
D) individualism.

Question 8

Kevin is hanging out with his friends at the mall when he bumps into his ex-girlfriend and her new boyfriend. He is devastated.He feels like his heart has been torn open,and he is on the verge of tears.Although he has only said "hi" to her,he believes that his friends,his ex-girlfriend,and her new boyfriend can clearly see his heartache.This phenomenon is known as:

Accepted Answer

A) the terror management theory. 
B) the illusion of transparency. 
C) the self-reference effect. 
D) the false uniqueness effect. 
A) the terror management theory. 
B) the illusion of transparency. 
C) the self-reference effect. 
D) the false uniqueness effect.

Question 9

What is the spotlight effect? Provide an example.

Accepted Answer

The spotlight effect is a psychological

Question 10

Alex,a below-average student,cheats in his exams.His teachers catch him cheating and question him.He, however,justifies his act and argues that most students cheat in their exams but are not caught.Which of the following psychological phenomena best exemplifies Alex's attitude?

Accepted Answer

A) the false uniqueness effect 
B) cognitive dissonance 
C) the false consensus effect 
D) defensive pessimism 
A) the false uniqueness effect 
B) cognitive dissonance 
C) the false consensus effect 
D) defensive pessimism

Question 11

Laura,a researcher,studies Atharv's desire to present a favorable image of himself both to his friends and to himself.In this scenario,Laura studies a psychological phenomenon called:

Accepted Answer

A) self-presentation. 
B) self-handicapping. 
C) self-efficacy. 
D) self-delusion. 
A) self-presentation. 
B) self-handicapping. 
C) self-efficacy. 
D) self-delusion.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is true of people from individualistic cultures in Western countries?

Accepted Answer

A) They focus on how language allows communication with others rather than how it allows self-expression. 
B) They prefer being different and standing out from others. 
C) They place less value on expressing their uniqueness and more on their tradition and shared practices. 
D) They primarily focus on gaining social approval. 
A) They focus on how language allows communication with others rather than how it allows self-expression. 
B) They prefer being different and standing out from others. 
C) They place less value on expressing their uniqueness and more on their tradition and shared practices. 
D) They primarily focus on gaining social approval.

Question 13

In the context of attitudes about the self,which of the following attitudes represents one's consciously controlled attitudes regarding someone or something?

Accepted Answer

A) direct 
B) indirect 
C) implicit 
D) explicit 
A) direct 
B) indirect 
C) implicit 
D) explicit

Question 14

Studies of "affective forecasting," as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003,required participants to predict their future:

Accepted Answer

A) school performance. 
B) family situation. 
C) thoughts. 
D) emotions. 
A) school performance. 
B) family situation. 
C) thoughts. 
D) emotions.

Question 15

Which of the following phenomena is defined as the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A) the observer effect 
B) the spotlight effect 
C) the false uniqueness effect 
D) the false consensus effect 
A) the observer effect 
B) the spotlight effect 
C) the false uniqueness effect 
D) the false consensus effect

Question 16

Miguel is a new recruit at an apparel store.His team has 10 members,and he adapts himself to the needs of his team.He places more importance on the goals of his team than on his own goals and tries to identify himself with the identity of the team.The traits exhibited by Miguel are most similar to those of individuals belonging to a(n)________ culture.

Accepted Answer

A) collectivistic 
B) individualistic 
C) hedonistic 
D) narcissistic 
A) collectivistic 
B) individualistic 
C) hedonistic 
D) narcissistic

Question 17

According to the report of Steven Heine and co-researchers (1999),self-esteem ________ among Japanese exchange students after spending seven months at the University of British Columbia,suggesting that their selfconcepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.

Accepted Answer

A) decreased 
B) increased 
C) peaked and then dropped sharply 
D) remained constant 
A) decreased 
B) increased 
C) peaked and then dropped sharply 
D) remained constant

Question 18

Self-serving bias can be adaptive in that it:

Accepted Answer

A) enables us to exhibit realistic optimism about our futures. 
B) decreases our vulnerability through illusory optimism. 
C) allows us to savor the good things that happen in our lives. 
D) prevents us from blaming others when things go wrong. 
A) enables us to exhibit realistic optimism about our futures. 
B) decreases our vulnerability through illusory optimism. 
C) allows us to savor the good things that happen in our lives. 
D) prevents us from blaming others when things go wrong.

Question 19

The extent to which one evaluates one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called:

Accepted Answer

A) comparative analysis. 
B) competitive comparison. 
C) social ranking. 
D) social comparison. 
A) comparative analysis. 
B) competitive comparison. 
C) social ranking. 
D) social comparison.

Question 20

Identify the true statement about people with low self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A) They prefer responses that validate their negative experiences. 
B) They are most likely to ignore and neglect others' worst behaviors. 
C) They usually choose less desirable partners. 
D) They are usually less prone to loneliness and eating disorders. 
A) They prefer responses that validate their negative experiences. 
B) They are most likely to ignore and neglect others' worst behaviors. 
C) They usually choose less desirable partners. 
D) They are usually less prone to loneliness and eating disorders.

What is self-handicapping? Why do people engage in it?

When asked "Tell me something about yourself" Juanita answers,"I am athletic and intelligent." Juanita's answer most likely describes her:

When facing competition,we often protect our self-concept by perceiving:

A ________ study is one in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.

In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country,conservatives tend to be economic ("don't tax or regulate me")and moral ("legislate against immorality").

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of:

What is the spotlight effect? Provide an example.

Alex,a below-average student,cheats in his exams.His teachers catch him cheating and question him.He, however,justifies his act and argues that most students cheat in their exams but are not caught.Which of the following psychological phenomena best exemplifies Alex's attitude?

Laura,a researcher,studies Atharv's desire to present a favorable image of himself both to his friends and to himself.In this scenario,Laura studies a psychological phenomenon called:

Which of the following statements is true of people from individualistic cultures in Western countries?

In the context of attitudes about the self,which of the following attitudes represents one's consciously controlled attitudes regarding someone or something?

Studies of "affective forecasting," as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003,required participants to predict their future:

Which of the following phenomena is defined as the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors?

According to the report of Steven Heine and co-researchers (1999),self-esteem ________ among Japanese exchange students after spending seven months at the University of British Columbia,suggesting that their selfconcepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.

Self-serving bias can be adaptive in that it:

The extent to which one evaluates one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called:

Identify the true statement about people with low self-esteem.

Introducing Social Psychology

Social Beliefs and Judgments

Behavior and Attitudes

Genes, Culture, and Gender

Conformity and Obedience

Persuasion

Group Influence

Prejudice: Disliking Others

Aggression: Hurting Others

Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others

Helping

Conflict and Peacemaking

Social Psychology in the Clinic

Social Psychology in Court

Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

Filters

Exam 2: The Self in a Social World

What is self-handicapping? Why do people engage in it?

When asked "Tell me something about yourself" Juanita answers,"I am athletic and intelligent." Juanita's answer most likely describes her:

When facing competition,we often protect our self-concept by perceiving:

A ________ study is one in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.

In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country,conservatives tend to be economic ________ ("don't tax or regulate me")and moral ________ ("legislate against immorality").

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications is the definition of:

What is the spotlight effect? Provide an example.

Alex,a below-average student,cheats in his exams.His teachers catch him cheating and question him.He, however,justifies his act and argues that most students cheat in their exams but are not caught.Which of the following psychological phenomena best exemplifies Alex's attitude?

Laura,a researcher,studies Atharv's desire to present a favorable image of himself both to his friends and to himself.In this scenario,Laura studies a psychological phenomenon called:

Which of the following statements is true of people from individualistic cultures in Western countries?

In the context of attitudes about the self,which of the following attitudes represents one's consciously controlled attitudes regarding someone or something?

Studies of "affective forecasting," as conducted by Wilson and Gilbert in 2003,required participants to predict their future:

Which of the following phenomena is defined as the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors?

According to the report of Steven Heine and co-researchers (1999),self-esteem ________ among Japanese exchange students after spending seven months at the University of British Columbia,suggesting that their selfconcepts become more individualized after visiting Western countries.

Self-serving bias can be adaptive in that it:

The extent to which one evaluates one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others is called:

Identify the true statement about people with low self-esteem.

Introducing Social Psychology

Social Beliefs and Judgments

Behavior and Attitudes

Genes, Culture, and Gender

Conformity and Obedience

Persuasion

Group Influence

Prejudice: Disliking Others

Aggression: Hurting Others

Attraction and Intimacy: Liking and Loving Others

Helping

Conflict and Peacemaking

Social Psychology in the Clinic

Social Psychology in Court

Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

Filters

In the context of the varying political views and regions across a country,conservatives tend to be economic ("don't tax or regulate me")and moral ("legislate against immorality").