Deck 4: Perceiving Persons

Question 1

What do psychologists call behaviour that communicates a person's feelings without words?

A) scripted behaviour
B) fine-unit behaviour
C) perceptually salient behaviour
D) nonverbal behaviour

Answer 1

nonverbal behaviour

Question 2

Andrew tends to view the behaviour of others in gross units,whereas Angela tends to break others' behaviour down into fine units.Compared to Angela,which of the following is Andrew more likely to do?

A) pay more attention to the behaviour
B) detect more meaningful actions
C) remember fewer details about the behaviour
D) form a more positive impression of an actor

Answer 2

remember fewer details about the behaviour

Question 3

Adults with mature facial features are typically viewed as having which off the following attributes?

A) honesty
B) experience
C) dominance
D) kindness

Answer 3

dominance

Question 4

Scripts are often culture-specific.What does this mean?

A) There is a great deal of agreement about the order of events across cultures.
B) The more experience one has with a particular behaviour,the more successfully one can execute the relevant script.
C) The more general the script is,the greater cross-cultural consistency it has.
D) The same behaviours may be perceived very differently in different cultures.

Question 5

Which of the following is one way that scripts influence social perception?

A) People use their scripts to help them slow down and consider the behaviour carefully.
B) Scripts allow people to discount their expectations.
C) People can use scripts to fill in missing information.
D) Scripts can provide a way to learn about a behaviour that has not been previously encountered.

Question 6

Different attributes are ascribed to people who have baby-faced features and to those who have mature facial features.According to your textbook,which of the following theories has received support from a brain imaging study?

A) There is an actual link between appearance and behaviour.
B) People overgeneralize attributes of babies to baby-faced adults.
C) People are wired to have a nurturing response to baby-like features.
D) People are positively reinforced by others to perceive baby-faced adults the way they do.

Question 7

When do we form impressions of others?

A) our impressions are formed only after knowing the person for a considerable period of time
B) our impressions are formed after knowing a person for a few hours
C) our impressions are formed after knowing a person for a few minutes
D) our impressions are formed after knowing a person for a few seconds

Question 8

At her town picnic,Haley is scanning the faces in a crowd looking for her sister Jenna.One other face in the crowd quickly captures her attention and she finds that she keeps looking back at the same person.What is the most likely characteristic of that face?

A) It's an angry face.
B) It's a happy face.
C) It's a beautiful face.
D) It's a surprised face.

Question 9

According to research by Zebrowitz and her colleagues on facial appearance,how are people who have baby-faced features most likely to be perceived?

A) as warm
B) as intelligent
C) as dishonest
D) as dominant

Question 10

Which of the following can be categorized as a source of "raw data" for social perception?

A) the perceiver's emotional reaction
B) knowledge of the situation a person is in
C) interpretations of a person's behaviour
D) accounts given by others about a person

Question 11

Which of the following research findings is most consistent with Darwin's hypothesis that the ability to interpret emotion from facial expressions has survival value?

A) People are quicker to recognize angry faces than happy faces.
B) People are better able to interpret emotions from video than still pictures.
C) People are able to identify six primary emotions.
D) People sometimes infer emotions from situations rather than facial expressions.

Question 12

While travelling around the world,Sven shows various people pictures of men and women from his hometown who are smiling and frowning,and he asks these people to infer what emotions the individuals in the pictures are experiencing.According to the research on perceptions of primary emotions,which of the following is Sven most likely to find?

A) Perceptions of the emotions vary widely as a function of the people's culture.
B) Perceptions of the emotions are relatively consistent across most cultures.
C) Little can be inferred about the emotions unless the behaviours of the individuals in the pictures are also described.
D) Little is inferred about the emotions unless the situational contexts of the individuals in the pictures are also described.

Question 13

Which of the following is considered a "primary" emotion?

A) shame
B) surprise
C) disappointment
D) anxiety

Question 14

According to research by Pryor and Merluzzi (1985),how does dating experience influence the use of a script for a first date?

A) It was more easily recalled and organized by participants with extensive dating experience.
B) It was more easily recalled and organized by participants with moderate dating experience.
C) It was more easily recalled but more difficult to organize for participants with extensive dating experience.
D) It was more easily recalled but more difficult to organize for participants with moderate dating experience.

Question 15

What does the study of social perception address?

A) how people understand their own behaviour
B) how people form impressions of others
C) the strategies people use to create a positive self-image
D) the way that we compare ourselves to others

Question 16

Hassin and Trope's (2000)study of physiognomy found that participants assigned traits to others based on which of the following?

A) their hairstyle
B) their facial features
C) their perceived age
D) their perceived race

Question 17

Charlie has never seen a lacrosse game before.What is the best way for Al to give the game meaning for Charlie and to get him to remember the details of the game?

A) ask Charlie to put special effort into learning the players' names
B) ask Charlie to pay attention to each stop in play
C) ask Charlie to pay attention to the final score
D) ask Charlie to pay attention to the surroundings of the game (the weather,fans,field conditions,etc. )

Question 18

Fritz is a social psychologist who specializes in studying the processes of social perception.Given this interest,which of the following research questions would Fritz be least likely to address?

A) How do employers infer traits and abilities about job candidates based on observing their behaviour in a job interview?
B) How do police officers and customs agents make judgments concerning how truthful or deceptive particular individuals are?
C) How are consumers influenced in their choices by the promotion and packaging of different products?
D) How does the performance of athletes vary as a function of their coach's expectations about their ability and potential?

Question 19

In Rule and Ambady's (2011)research on the impact of facial features on judgements about people,university students were asked to rate the CEOs of top legal firms on competence,dominance,and facial maturity.What factor had the strongest effect on the students' ratings?

A) the age of the CEOs
B) the number of years serving as the CEO
C) the likability of the CEO
D) the profitability of the firm

Question 20

Todd,who is considered to have a baby face,and Martin,who has more mature features,are both being interviewed for the same position in a bank.Which of the following is the most probable outcome?

A) Because of his more mature features,Martin will be viewed as more competent.
B) Because he is baby-faced,Todd will be seen as less honest.
C) Because he is baby-faced,Todd will be judged as more qualified for employment.
D) Because of his more mature features,Martin will be seen as more kind.

Question 21

To detect deception,which of the following channels of communication should you attend to?

A) eye contact
B) body posture
C) speech pitch
D) facial expression

Question 22

Which of the following is the primary question underlying Jones's correspondent inference theory?

A) Do attributions correspond with pre-existing beliefs?
B) Does an individual's beliefs correspond with that individual's behaviour?
C) Does an observer infer that an actor's behaviour corresponds with the actor's personality?
D) Does an observer infer that an actor's behaviour is consistent with that of the observer?

Question 23

Which people are most accurate at detecting deception?

A) People who are focussed on facial expressions rather than voice cues.
B) People who are police officers and FBI agents.
C) People who are in sales representatives.
D) People who are focussed on body movements rather than facial expressions.

Question 24

Based on what we know about the communication channels that seem to best reveal whether someone is lying,which of the following specific attributes would be most informative?

A) a rise in pitch
B) scratching one's head
C) whether the person is smiling
D) shifts in posture

Question 25

Jason and Joel work at the same marketing firm.Jason is a senior member of the team and Joel was recently hired.Given the differences in their social status and based on the research by Hall and others (2005),which of the following is the best prediction of their nonverbal behaviour?

A) Jason will initiate a handshake.
B) Joel will initiate a handshake.
C) Joel will be more likely to speak louder and interrupt.
D) Jason will be more likely to speak louder and interrupt.

Question 26

Marcus sits at an outdoor café.A woman walks by,swaying her hips,lifting her feet,and swinging her arms.Based on the way the woman is walking,what impression of the woman is Marcus most likely to have?

A) The woman is attractive.
B) The woman nervous.
C) The woman happy.
D) The woman impulsive.

Question 27

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding.The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn't arrived.Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic.Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable.What kind of attribution is Erin making?

A) a dispositional attribution
B) a situational attribution
C) a personal attribution
D) a correspondent attribution

Question 28

According to the research on detection of deception,when does an observer have the best chance of accurately detecting whether an actor is lying?

A) when the actor is also performing a difficult cognitive task
B) when the observer expects the actor to be deceptive
C) when the observer is focused on the context of the actor's behaviour rather than the behaviour itself
D) when the observer is focused on the actor's face

Question 29

Shannon observes Derek succeed at a task.Shannon believes that Derek's success was caused by luck and the fact that the task was very easy.What does Shannon's belief illustrate?

A) a defensive attribution
B) a situational attribution
C) a personal attribution
D) a correspondent inference

Question 30

Why is it very difficult to detect deception?

A) because we focus too much attention on nonverbal cues and not enough on verbal cues
B) because we fail to attend to the nonverbal cues that actually signal deception
C) because we are motivated to believe that others are telling the truth
D) because detecting deception is an evolutionary adaptive strategy

Question 31

Jorge watches his friend Nina interacting with others and makes a situational attribution for her behaviour.Which of the following does Jorge most likely believe?

A) Nina's way of relating to people stems from particular characteristics of her personality.
B) Nina is not acting the way other people would act in the same situation.
C) Nina's actions are not consistent with the social norms governing that particular situation.
D) Nina's behaviour is best explained by the circumstances surrounding the encounter.

Question 32

According to correspondent inference theory,in which of the following situations would a personal attribution be most appropriate?

A) Serena,a professor,helps students during her office hours.
B) Sally,a naval officer,salutes when her commanding officer enters the room.
C) Steve,a wealthy athlete,is ordered by the court to attend a drug rehabilitation program.
D) Sam,a world-renowned playboy,joins a monastery and takes a vow of celibacy.

Question 33

In Jones and Davis's correspondent inference theory,which of the following questions is best used to determine whether a particular behaviour corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor?

A) Did the behaviour violate any social norms?
B) What were other actors doing at the time?
C) What is the actor's perception of the behaviour?
D) Did others show this behaviour in the past?

Question 34

Lindy is trying to decide whether or not Marisa's behaviour is dispositional.Which of the following factors should Lindy consider if she relies on correspondent inference theory?

A) whether Marisa's friends are also showing that behaviour
B) whether Marisa has behaved in this way before
C) if Marisa's behaviour was expected given the situation
D) the intensity of Marisa's behaviour

Question 35

Anthony is talking to his friends about his ex-girlfriend and claims that she broke off their relationship because she is selfish,cold,and arrogant.What kind of attribution is Anthony making?

A) a personal attribution
B) a situational attribution
C) a defensive attribution
D) a counterfactual attribution

Question 36

What kind of events are people are most likely to search for explanations for?

A) expected events
B) positive events
C) personally relevant events
D) repeated but ordinary events

Question 37

Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding.The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn't arrived.Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic.Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable.What kind of attribution is Colin making?

A) a dispositional attribution
B) a situational attribution
C) a personal attribution
D) a correspondent attribution

Question 38

Hall and colleagues' (2005)investigated the influence of social status on the initiation of touching behaviour.What did they find?

A) Though high-status individuals do not initiate more touching,they maintain the contact longer than do low-status individuals.
B) Social status does not predict the initiation of touching.
C) Higher-status individuals initiate more touching.
D) Lower-status individuals initiate more touching.

Question 39

Jerry makes frequent eye contact with the person to whom he is talking.Which of the following impressions is his behaviour most likely to elicit?

A) an impression that Jerry is domineering and likes power
B) an impression that Jerry is insecure and needy
C) a positive impression if the person to whom Jerry is talking is a woman,and a negative impression if this person is a man
D) a positive impression if the person to whom Jerry is talking is a friend,and a negative impression if this person is an enemy

Question 40

Bella is a teacher who suspects that a student is trying to deceive her.Under which of the following conditions does Bella have the best chance of detecting whether or not the student is lying?

A) if Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story
B) if Bella sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story
C) if Bella reads a written transcript of the student's story and sees a silent video of the student's face as the student tells the story
D) if Bella sees a silent video of the student's body language as the student tells the story

Question 41

In which of the following situations would the false-consensus effect be strongest?

A) when predicting the behaviour of out-groups
B) when we bring to mind the attitudes of people we like
C) when the actual percentage of others who agree is low
D) when asking about behaviours rather than opinions

Question 42

When observing other people's behaviour,Danny tends to use the covariation principle and Amos tends to use cognitive heuristics.Which of the following statements best describes Danny and Amos?

A) Danny is more influenced than Amos by consensus information.
B) Danny is less careful than Amos when drawing inferences from people's behaviour.
C) Danny is more likely than Amos to make judgments consistent with the base-rate fallacy.
D) Danny is more likely than Amos to make personal attributions,whereas Amos is more likely than Danny to make situational attributions.

Question 43

According to correspondent inference theory,when are correspondent inferences most likely to occur?

A) when a person's behaviour is not freely chosen,expected,and results in many desirable outcomes
B) when a person's behaviour is freely chosen,expected,and results in few desirable outcomes
C) when a person's behaviour is freely chosen,unexpected,and results in many desirable outcomes
D) when a person's behaviour is freely chosen,unexpected,and results in few desirable outcomes

Question 44

Suppose you are asked whether there are more psychology or biology majors at your school.Imagine that you estimate the numbers at your school based on the number of people with these majors you personally know.What are you using?

A) the covariation principle
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) the availability heuristic
D) the actor-observer effect

Question 45

Which of the following does the belief in a just world contribute to?

A) counterfactual thinking
B) the over justification effect
C) the false-consensus effect
D) blaming the victim

Question 46

Which of the following is consistent with Kelley's covariation principle?

A) Actors attribute behaviour to the situation,but observers attribute behaviour to persons.
B) People fail to use statistical information,instead relying on intuitive theories to make personality inferences.
C) People infer that something is the cause of a behaviour if it is present when the behaviour occurs and absent when it does not occur.
D) People infer the causes of a behaviour as a function of the intended consequences of the behaviour.

Question 47

Antonio observes Dwayne behave in a particular way.According to correspondent inference theory,in which of the following cases would Antonio be most likely to believe that he has learned something important about Dwayne's personal characteristics?

A) if Dwayne's behaviour deviates from social norms
B) if Dwayne's behaviour was physically coerced
C) if Dwayne's behaviour was primed
D) if Dwayne's behaviour has a large number of desirable effects

Question 48

Monica uses the availability heuristic much more frequently than does Raul.Therefore,Monica is more likely than Raul to do which of the following?

A) rely heavily on situational cues that are available in the stream of behaviour she observes
B) perceive and utilize the available consensus information
C) make judgments that are more resistant to the false-consensus effect
D) estimate the likelihood of an event in terms of the ease with which instances of it come to mind

Question 49

Everyone you know seems to love the TV show Wipeout.You're a huge fan of reality TV as well,as you never miss an episode of Dancing with the Stars,American Idol,or The Bachelor.But every time you watch Wipeout,you have the same reaction: You hate it with a passion.According to Kelley's (1967)covariation theory of attribution,your dislike of this show would be which of the following?

A) high in consensus,low in distinctiveness,and high in consistency
B) low in consensus,high in distinctiveness,and high in consistency
C) high in consensus,high in distinctiveness,and low in consistency
D) low in consensus,low in distinctiveness,and low in consistency

Question 50

Joe is leaving his job at Vandalay Industries.According to correspondent inference theory,in which of the following scenarios would you learn the most about Joe?

A) The company is downsizing and many employees,including Joe,are being terminated.
B) The company is known for having its employees stay until they retire,and Joe is too young to retire.
C) By leaving,Joe will no longer have to work incredibly long hours,in unhealthy air quality,under a demanding and mean supervisor.
D) The company is offering a great retirement deal to all of its senior management and,like the other senior managers,Joe has decided to retire early.

Question 51

Among your group of friends,Kent is the only one who is ever late for your weekly movie night.You've noticed that he is late every week and that he is also late for class,parties,weddings,sporting events,and dental appointments.According to Kelley's covariation model of attribution,how would Kent's behaviour best be described?

A) low in consensus,high in consistency,and low in distinctiveness
B) low in consensus,high in consistency,and high in distinctiveness
C) low in consensus,low in consistency,and low distinctiveness
D) high in consensus,high in consistency,and high distinctiveness

Question 52

According to the covariation principle,when are consistent behaviours attributed to the stimulus?

A) when consensus and distinctiveness are low
B) when consensus and distinctiveness are high
C) when consensus is high,but distinctiveness is low
D) when consensus is low,but distinctiveness is high

Question 53

What does the base-rate fallacy reflect?

A) a failure to use consensus information
B) a failure to use consistency information
C) the actor-observer effect
D) an excessive reliance on situational attributions

Question 54

In which of the following situations will Elizabeth be least likely to make correspondent inferences from Bob's behaviour?

A) if the behaviour has been coerced
B) if the behaviour is consistent with social norms
C) if the behaviour has just one desirable outcome
D) if the behaviour is expected given the circumstances

Question 55

Lex voted for Dean to be the class president at his university this year.He believes that approximately 40 percent of people at his university did as well.In reality,closer to 20 percent of voters chose Dean.What concept does Lex's overestimation illustrate?

A) the false-consensus effect
B) the confirmation bias
C) counterfactual thinking
D) the covariation principle

Question 56

Kelley's theory of attribution suggests that,in trying to discern personal characteristics from behavioural evidence,people will tend to do which of the following?

A) use cognitive heuristics improperly
B) usually attribute behaviour to both personal and situational factors
C) fail to adequately consider consensus information
D) behave like scientists and engage in informal experiments

Question 57

Carol is asked to rate her husband in terms of how helpful he is with the household chores.Because she cannot think of a single instance of such behaviour,she gives him a very low rating.What is Carol relying on to make her judgment?

A) counterfactual thinking
B) the base-rate fallacy
C) the availability heuristic
D) the confirmation bias

Question 58

Which of the following is reflected by estimates of the probability that an event will happen based on the ease with which one can recall previous instances of this event?

A) the base-rate fallacy
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) the two-step attribution process
D) the availability heuristic

Question 59

Though she doesn't usually watch television,Danielle never misses My Big Fat Obnoxious Fiancé on Monday nights.Which of the following best describes Danielle's behaviour?

A) low in consistency
B) high in distinctiveness
C) low in consensus
D) high in covariation

Question 60

Daphne loves her social psychology class and thinks that most of the other students in the class love it as well.Anna is in the same class and absolutely hates it.Anna is thoroughly convinced that most of the other students also dislike it.What concept do these distorted perceptions illustrate?

A) the actor-observer effect
B) the confirmation bias
C) counterfactual thinking
D) the false-consensus effect

Question 61

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A) the tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to personal factors rather than to the situation
B) the tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to the situation rather than to personal factors
C) the tendency to attribute another person's behaviour to personal factors rather than to the situation
D) the tendency to attribute another person's behaviour to situational factors rather than to personal factors

Question 62

Because his father was injured in a train crash last year,Jamal firmly believes that he is much more likely to be involved in a train accident than to fall while in the shower.What concept does Jamal's belief reflect?

A) the actor-observer effect
B) the fundamental attribution error
C) the base-rate fallacy
D) the false-consensus effect

Question 63

We observe a person's behaviour.First,we make a quick personal attribution.Then,we adjust for the effects of the situation.Which of the following is most likely to be caused in this two-step process?

A) the averaging model of information integration
B) the trait negativity bias
C) the fundamental attribution error
D) the primacy effect

Question 64

What did the "Quiz Show" study by Ross and colleagues find about judging the general knowledge of the contestant and questioner?

A) Observers made the fundamental attribution error,but the questioner and contestant did not.
B) Participants did not make the fundamental attribution error because they knew that the quiz show roles were assigned at random.
C) Observers and contestants made the fundamental attribution error to the same degree.
D) Men were more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error than women.

Question 65

Roger knows someone whose brother received a very lucrative contract to play professional basketball for the National Basketball Association (NBA).With this success story in mind,Roger ignores the statistics that indicate a very low probability that anyone will make it to the NBA and overestimates his own chances of making it.What concept does this scenario best illustrate?

A) the covariation principle
B) the base-rate fallacy
C) non-correspondent inferences
D) the actor-observer effect

Question 66

According to Gilbert's two-step model of social perception,why should distraction make the fundamental attribution error more likely to happen?

A) because it discourages personal attributions,but has little effect on situational attributions
B) because it inhibits perceivers from using distinctiveness information,but allows them to take consistency information into account
C) because it does not interfere with the automatic process of making personal attributions,but does interfere with the more difficult process of making adjustments for situational factors
D) because it changes the interrelationship between the figure and the background in social perception

Question 67

Vic finished first in the school spelling bee,Fabrizio finished second,and Lana finished third.The first place winner gets a cash prize and the opportunity to compete at the regional spelling bee,but the others get nothing.Which of the following is most likely to occur?

A) Fabrizio will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Lana.
B) Lana will engage in more counterfactual thinking than Fabrizio.
C) Fabrizio and Lana will engage in counterfactual thinking to about the same extent,but more so than Vic.
D) Fabrizio and Lana will engage in counterfactual thinking to about the same extent,but less so than Vic.

Question 68

A politician asks her speechwriter to write a speech that supports same-sex marriage.Under which of the following circumstances would the fundamental attribution error be most evident?

A) if the speechwriter changes her attitude to support same-sex marriage
B) if the speechwriter is perceived by others to support same-sex marriage
C) if the speechwriter comes to believe that most other people support same-sex marriage
D) if the speechwriter is perceived by others to have written the speech because of a request from her boss

Question 69

Based on Medvecs (1997)research,how do you predict that Olympian medalists think about their performance?

A) Bronze and silver medalists are equally likely to think,"What if… I had won the gold?"
B) Silver medalists are happier with their standing than bronze medalists,because silver medalists think about how they could have done worse and received the bronze.
C) Silver medalists are less happy with their standing than bronze medalists,because silver medalists think about how they could have done better and won the gold.
D) Bronze medalists less happy than silver medalists because they are envious of both silver and gold medalists.

Question 70

How is effort distributed in the two-step model of the attribution process?

A) People make an automatic first step of weighing situational and personal attributions equally,and then an effortful second step of considering the initial inference.
B) People make an automatic first step of making a personal attribution,and then an effortful second step of considering situational factors.
C) People make an effortful first step of weighing situational and personal attributions equally,and then an automatic second step of making a dispositional inference.
D) People make an automatic first step of making a situational attribution,and then an effortful second step of considering personal factors.

Question 71

You watch a commercial of Lebron James endorsing a new basketball shoe.Although you know that James was paid to endorse the shoes and didn't even write the endorsement himself,you still think that James really likes the new shoes.What does this example illustrate?

A) the confirmation bias
B) the false-consensus effect
C) the actor-observer effect
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 72

In the Jones and Harris (1967)study,participants read essays that either supported or opposed Cuban leader Fidel Castro.Participants were either led to believe that the essay writers had chosen their own stance to write about (choice condition),or that the writers had been forced to adopt the position put forth in the essay (forced condition).What did the results of this study demonstrate?

A) It demonstrated that only in the choice condition did participants believe that the arguments in the essay were somewhat indicative of the writer's true Castro attitudes.
B) It demonstrated that participants in both conditions were equally likely to believe that the essay revealed information about the writer's true Castro attitudes.
C) It demonstrated that that in the forced condition,participants understood that the beliefs presented in the essay were chosen by the professor and made no attributions about the writer's beliefs.
D) It demonstrated support for the idea of the fundamental attribution error.

Question 73

Esmerelda wonders if she would be happier if she had decided to move to Montreal rather than Toronto.What concept does this example illustrate?

A) the base-rate fallacy
B) belief perseverance
C) counterfactual thinking
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 74

You are eating at a restaurant on a first date when your date spills spaghetti all over his or her lap.Which of the following conclusions would you be most likely to draw if you commit the fundamental attribution error?

A) Your date gets nervous on first dates.
B) Your date is clumsy.
C) Your date is even more attractive than you originally thought.
D) Your date is even less attractive than you originally thought.

Question 75

What do psychologists call the tendency to mentally undo events or to ask "What if…?"?

A) the base-rate fallacy
B) attribution
C) counterfactual thinking
D) the fundamental attribution error

Question 76

Based on research on counterfactual thinking,in which of the following scenarios is Tim most likely to feel upset about missing his plane?

A) Tim's cab was an hour late and he arrived at the airport 40 minutes after the plane departed.
B) Tim's car got a flat tire on the way to the airport and he arrived at the airport 20 minutes after the plane departed.
C) Tim left the house on time but had to turn back to get his presentation and he arrived at the airport just as the plane departed.
D) Tim slept in and he arrived at the airport 60 minutes after the plane departed.

Question 77

Whenever Elaine goes to the casino,the noise from all the winning slot machines convinces her that she will be able to win enough money to pay off all her debts.What concept does this scenario illustrate?

A) counterfactual thinking
B) the base-rate fallacy
C) the confirmation bias
D) the false-consensus effect

Question 78

In which of the following situations are people most likely commit the fundamental attribution error?

A) when they use the availability heuristic to make attributions
B) when they are unaware of the actor's feelings about the particular behaviour
C) when they attempt to explain their own behaviour
D) when they are aware of the situational constraints of the behaviour

Question 79

How are counterfactual thinking and mood related?

A) Negative mood prompts counterfactual thoughts about how much worse things could have been.
B) Positive mood prompts counterfactual thoughts about how much better things could have been.
C) Counterfactual thoughts can influence how we feel about an event.
D) The things we fail to do are more likely to prompt counterfactual thoughts than the things we do.

Question 80

How can the availability heuristic lead to the base-rate fallacy?

A) by increasing people's confidence in the percentage of others who share their opinions
B) by increasing people's confidence that an unlikely event will occur
C) by increasing people's tendency to make situational attributions
D) by bringing to mind events that could have happened but didn't