Deck 9: Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation

Question 1

Would it be sufficient to just replace the neurons in someone who suffered nervous tissue damage? Why or why not?

A) No,replacement neurons must also make the correct connections with cells in their surroundings.
B) Yes,replacement neurons will make the correct connections with cells in their surroundings.
C) No,replacement neurons will reject the remaining endogenous neurons.
D) Yes,replacement neurons will co-exist with remaining endogenous neurons and make all other cells.
E) Yes,replacement neurons convert into stem cells when transplanted and repair damaged tissue.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of cells undergoing mitosis and cytokinesis?

A) a new embryo growing
B) a tree producing new branches
C) dead skin cells being replaced
D) a wound healing over with a scar
E) All of the above.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which statement is FALSE?

A) Mitosis occurs during wound healing.
B) Mitosis is required for embryonic development.
C) Mitosis is part of the process used to repair damaged tissues.
D) Mitosis is required to halve the chromosome number of cells.
E) Mitosis occurs regularly in our body.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Why do scientists pursue several methods to get stem cells to grow into specific tissue types?

A) Science is not a collaborative work,so individuals must develop their own method of growing tissue types.
B) Each method or approach used in stem cell research adds to our knowledge of how stem cells work.
C) The more scientists are involved in stem cell research,the less people will think any research on embryos is unethical.
D) More research on stem cells will be less expensive,over the long term.
E) Scientists are trying to maximize their profit margin.

Question 5

The biological function of stem cells is to _____.

A) replenish existing stem cells
B) form eggs and sperm for reproduction
C) differentiate into specific cell types
D) replenish existing stem cells and differentiate into specific cell types
E) replenish existing stem cells and form eggs and sperm for reproduction

Question 6

Hematopoietic stem cells are _____ cells that develop into _____ cells.

A) undifferentiated;blood
B) differentiated;liver
C) undifferentiated;liver
D) differentiated;muscle
E) undifferentiated;urinary bladder

Question 7

A recipient of a liver transplant has a high risk of bacterial infections because _____.

A) the liver plays a critical role in the immune response
B) donor livers are often contaminated with disease-causing bacteria
C) a transplant recipient has to take drugs that suppress his or her immune system
D) the surgery poses a high risk for introducing bacteria into the recipient
E) the immune system may reject the liver

Question 8

What is an advantage of receiving a replacement organ grown from one's own cells versus receiving an organ transplant from a donor?

A) There is less chance of organ rejection and there is no need to wait on a transplant list.
B) Grown organs are cheaper than organ transplants.
C) Replacement organs from one's own cells function better than donated organs.
D) Cells in donor organs do not undergo cell division after they are transplanted.
E) Cells in donor organs divide at a slower rate.

Question 9

The process of _____ is used to replace damaged or worn-out cells.

A) apoptosis
B) meiosis
C) cell twinning
D) cell division
E) cell senescence

Question 10

Cellular differentiation,or cell specialization,results from _____.

A) the "turning off" of some genes and the "turning on" others
B) the separation of stem cells from each other,so they do not "know" what their "neighbors" are becoming
C) cellular division;when cells divide by mitosis,the daughter cells are specialized
D) the birth process;all the cells of a fetus differentiate by the time it is born
E) fertilization of an egg;the fusion of the sperm and egg initiates cell specialization within minutes

Question 11

Why don't engineered bladders get rejected by the patient's immune system when they are implanted?

A) The patient takes strong immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection.
B) The bladders are taken from another member of the same family.
C) The bladder is not as functional as a regular bladder,making it less susceptible to immune rejection.
D) Engineered bladders are made of sections from the patient's bowels.
E) Engineered bladders are grown from the patient's own cells.

Question 12

How are embryonic stem cells different from adult stem cells?

A) Embryonic stem cells can develop into a wide range of cell types,while adult stem cells can become only limited cell types.
B) Embryonic stem cells are immature cells that can differentiate,whereas adult stem cells are mature cells that are fully differentiated.
C) Embryonic stem cells are mature cells that are fully differentiated,whereas stem cells are immature cells that can differentiate.
D) Embryonic stem cells can develop into a limited array of cell types,whereas adult stem cells can become a wide range of cell types.

Question 13

Which statement applies to tissues?

A) Tissues contain a single cell type.
B) Each tissue has a specific function.
C) Cells within a tissue cooperate.
D) Tissues contain a single cell type,and cells within a tissue cooperate.
E) Cells within a tissue cooperate,and each tissue has a specific function.

Question 14

Organs can perform unique functions that differ from those that the tissues from which they are made can perform individually.Why is this?

A) Organs are always made of more cells than are tissues.
B) Tissues cannot form the same shapes that organs can;organs,therefore,have more functions than tissues.
C) The cell types of an organ work together to create new,unique functions.
D) Organs have stem cells,whereas tissues do not;organs can grow new cells with functions that are different from tissues.
E) The cells of a tissue are flat,whereas the cells of an organ are round;round cells create more functionality.

Question 15

The end result of mitosis and cytokinesis is

A) two cells identical in size and genetic material.
B) two cells identical in genetic material,but one is smaller than the other.
C) three cells,one of which is twice the size of the other two.
D) two cells,each with half the number of chromosomes as the mother cell.
E) two cells,each with twice the number of chromosomes as the mother cell.

Question 16

Is the genome of stem cells larger than that of specialized cells?

A) Yes,because they need the genes found in every cell type,whereas specialized cells need only a subset of all the genes.
B) Yes,because they express more genes than specialized cells express.
C) No,because all of a person's cells have the identical set of genes in their genome.
D) No;they have a smaller genome,because stem cells are equivalent to gametes (which are haploid)in that they can potentially create an entire individual.
E) No;they have a smaller genome because stem cells express only a subset of genes.

Question 17

Engineering a bladder is more challenging than engineering skin because a bladder _____.

A) contains a single cell type
B) does not contain differentiated cells
C) requires a scaffold on which to grow
D) is an internal tissue
E) does not receive signals for cell division

Question 18

Relative to one of your liver cells,one of your skin cells has _____.

A) the same genome (i.e. ,the same genetic material)
B) the same function
C) a different pattern of gene expression
D) the same genome and a different pattern of gene expression
E) a different pattern of gene expression and the same function

Question 19

Cell division is used for all of the following EXCEPT

A) replacing blood cells that have died.
B) production of hormones.
C) growth of a single cell into a baby.
D) growth of a child into an adult.
E) replacing skin cells separated by a paper cut.

Question 20

You shed skin cells every day.Those cells are replaced by _____.

A) mitotic division and specialization of embryonic stem cells
B) differentiation of neighboring neurons into skin cells
C) differentiation of blood cells that migrate into deeper layers of the skin
D) mitotic division and differentiation of tissue stem cells
E) meiotic division and differentiation of connective tissue cells

Question 21

Which stage of the cell cycle is the lengthiest?

A) interphase
B) mitosis
C) cytokinesis
D) All the stages are equal in duration.
E) None of the above.

Question 22

Which of the following cell types goes through the cell cycle most frequently?

A) heart muscle cell
B) bicep muscle cell
C) brain nerve cell
D) skin cell
E) spinal nerve cell

Question 23

Colchicine is a drug that interferes with microtubule formation.Microtubules are the structures that help separate sister chromatids.Which stage of the cell cycle would colchicine affect?

A) interphase
B) mitosis
C) cytokinesis
D) S phase
E) all of the stages

Question 24

Sister chromatids are separated from each other during

A) interphase.
B) mitosis.
C) S phase.
D) G₁.
E) cytokinesis.

Question 25

At the end of the S phase,cells have ____ set(s)of genetic material,compared to a cell at the beginning of S phase.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 26

A cell divides before properly completing S phase.Which of the following would be a likely result?

A) two perfectly normal cells
B) one perfectly normal cell
C) two cells with extra DNA
D) two cells with some missing DNA
E) one cell with extra DNA and one with missing DNA

Question 27

Organelles duplicate during

A) prophase.
B) G₁ phase.
C) G₂ phase.
D) S phase.
E) P phase.

Question 28

During mitosis sister chromatids are

A) held together by the centromere.
B) 50% identical to each other.
C) attached to the nuclear membrane.
D) about to duplicate to form new chromosomes.
E) ready to migrate together to one end of the cell.

Question 29

Which of the following occurs during interphase?

A) replication of chromosomes
B) sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell
C) sister chromatids migrate to opposite sides of the cell
D) division of cytoplasm
E) two nuclei are created

Question 30

A healthy cell spends most of its lifetime in

A) cytokinesis.
B) G₂ phase.
C) interphase.
D) mitosis.
E) S phase.

Question 31

A cell spends most of its time in

A) metaphase.
B) telophase.
C) prophase.
D) anaphase.
E) interphase.

Question 32

A biologist measures the amount of DNA in cells growing in a laboratory.She should find that the amount of DNA doubles

A) during S phase.
B) at the end of G₂ phase.
C) right after cytokinesis.
D) during mitosis.
E) in the middle of G₁ phase.

Question 33

At the end of interphase each chromosome is made up of

A) mother-daughter chromatids.
B) brother-sister chromatids.
C) sister chromatids.
D) paired chromatids.
E) duplex chromatids.

Question 34

A newly divided cell grows to mature size during

A) G₁.
B) S.
C) G₂.
D) mitosis.
E) cytokinesis.

Question 35

A cell divides before properly completing mitosis.Which of the following would be a likely result?

A) two perfectly normal cells
B) one perfectly normal cell
C) two smaller than normal cells
D) two cells with either extra or missing chromosomes
E) two cells with extra DNA and extra chromosomes

Question 36

Chromosomes are duplicated during

A) the G₁ phase.
B) mitosis.
C) cytokinesis.
D) the G₂ phase.
E) the S phase.

Question 37

Which phase(s)occur during interphase?

A) G₁,S,and G₂
B) G₁,S,G₂,and mitosis
C) mitosis
D) G₁ and G₂
E) S,G₂,and mitosis

Question 38

Sister chromatids are NOT present during

A) interphase.
B) DNA replication.
C) the cell cycle.
D) G₁ stage of cell cycle.
E) S phase of cell cycle.

Question 39

During interphase of the cell cycle,which of the following occurs?

A) All of the cell's DNA is copied.
B) The cell increases in volume.
C) Organelles are produced.
D) The cell goes through stages called G₁,S,and G₂.
E) All of the above.

Question 40

Choose the list that gives the most correct and complete order of events during the cell cycle.

A) G₁,S,G₂,cytokinesis,and mitosis
B) G₁,S,G₂,and mitosis
C) mitosis,G₁,S,G₂,and cytokinesis
D) G₁,G₂,S,cytokinesis,and mitosis
E) G₁,S,G₂,mitosis,and cytokinesis

Question 41

Chromosomes pull apart because the spindle gets shorter during this stage.

A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase

Question 42

The correct order of phases in mitosis is

A) prophase,metaphase,anaphase,and telophase.
B) metaphase,anaphase,prophase,telophase,and cytokinesis.
C) G₁,S,G₂,M,and cytokinesis.
D) prophase,metaphase,anaphase,and cytokinesis.
E) cytokinesis,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,and telophase.

Question 43

Chromosomes first coil up and become visible during

A) interphase.
B) prophase.
C) metaphase.
D) anaphase.
E) telophase.

Question 44

Chromosomes are most stretched out during

A) interphase.
B) prophase.
C) telophase.
D) anaphase.
E) metaphase.

Question 45

The "S" phase of the cell cycle occurs during which of the following stages?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) interphase

Question 46

DNA duplicates during

A) interphase.
B) prophase.
C) metaphase.
D) anaphase.
E) telophase.

Question 47

Sister chromatids are

A) duplicated chromosomes.
B) identical copies.
C) separated during mitosis.
D) made during the S phase.
E) All of the above.

Question 48

The nuclear envelope reforms during

A) interphase.
B) prophase.
C) metaphase.
D) anaphase.
E) telophase.

Question 49

When chromosomes duplicate,the copies are

A) not connected together.
B) connected together at only one end.
C) connected together at both ends but not the middle.
D) connected to each other along their entire length.
E) connected at only one point.

Question 50

After chromosomes are duplicated,the identical copies

A) are called twin chromosomes.
B) are attached to each other by a centromere.
C) are separated and paired with their homologous chromosomes.
D) divide again before mitosis can begin.
E) are attached to each other by a cytosome.

Question 51

Which of the following describes sister chromatids?

A) two copies of different chromosomes held together by a centromere
B) identical copies of a chromosome held together by a centromere
C) identical copies of a chromosome that are not connected
D) two copies of different chromosomes that are not connected
E) None of the above.

Question 52

In drawings of chromosomes,the "X" shape indicates that

A) the DNA has been replicated.
B) two sister chromatids exist.
C) cell division hasn't yet occurred.
D) the cell is probably ready for mitosis.
E) All of the above.

Question 53

Microtubules attach to ________ on centromeres during mitosis.

A) kinetochore proteins
B) DNA
C) mitotic spindles
D) checkpoints
E) nuclear membranes

Question 54

By what stage in mitosis are sister chromatids completely separated into what will become two new daughter nuclei?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) interphase

Question 55

Sister chromatids are held together by

A) a chromomere.
B) a chromosome fiber.
C) a centromere.
D) a centrosome.
E) a centriole.

Question 56

In_________,chromosomes align in the middle of the cell,tugged there by spindle fibers.

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase
E) interphase

Question 57

Duplicated chromosomes are also known as sister

A) chromatids.
B) chromosomes.
C) chromomeres.
D) centromeres.
E) centrioles.

Question 58

Cytokinesis occurs in animal cells when

A) the cell migrates from one location to another.
B) cell contents double in preparation for cell division.
C) the cell membrane pinches to form two separate cells.
D) when the DNA is degraded into small pieces and the cell dies.
E) a cancer-treatment therapy is designed to interrupt mitosis.

Question 59

When chromosomes duplicate,they form

A) daughter chromatids.
B) sister chromatids.
C) mother-daughter chromosomes.
D) bifurcated chromosomes.
E) chromateres.

Question 60

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the nucleus during

A) interphase.
B) prophase.
C) metaphase.
D) anaphase.
E) telophase.

Question 61

Sister chromatids begin separation during which phase of the cell cycle?

A) metaphase
B) prophase
C) telophase
D) anaphase
E) interphase

Question 62

In which stage(s)of mitosis would sister chromatids be connected by one centromere?

A) prophase and telophase
B) metaphase and telophase
C) prophase and metaphase
D) anaphase and telophase
E) telophase

Question 63

At what stage of mitosis do the spindle fibers shorten thereby pulling apart sister chromatids?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) interphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase

Question 64

Which of the following is placed in the correct order of increasing complexity?

A) circulatory system $\rightarrow$ cardiac muscle $\rightarrow$ heart $\rightarrow$ cardiac cell
B) circulatory system $\rightarrow$ heart $\rightarrow$ cardiac muscle $\rightarrow$ cardiac cell
C) cardiac cell $\rightarrow$ heart $\rightarrow$ cardiac muscle $\rightarrow$ circulatory system
D) cardiac cell $\rightarrow$ cardiac muscle $\rightarrow$ heart $\rightarrow$ circulatory system
E) cardiac cell $\rightarrow$ cardiac muscle $\rightarrow$ circulatory system $\rightarrow$ heart

Question 65

A group of tissues working together perform the complex functions of

A) a tissue.
B) an organ.
C) an organ system.
D) an organism.
E) a bladder.

Question 66

DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?

A) metaphase
B) cytokinesis
C) interphase
D) prophase
E) anaphase

Question 67

A tissue is composed of

A) cells.
B) organs.
C) organ systems.
D) cells and organs.
E) cells and organ systems.

Question 68

The nuclear envelope breaks up,allowing spindle fibers to attach to chromosomes during

A) interphase.
B) prophase.
C) metaphase.
D) anaphase.
E) telophase.

Question 69

The formation of an organ through the use of stem cells differentiated into multiple cell types.However,which of the following presents a hurdle to regenerating a new organ to replace a defective one?

A) Many organs contain multiple specialized cell types in an intricate design.
B) Nerve innervation is necessary for the proper function of some organs.
C) Proper blood supply to all the regenerated cells is necessary for the survival of organs.
D) A and C
E) All of the above.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis?

A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) interphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase

Question 71

Which of the following places the phases of the cell cycle in the correct order?

A) metaphase,anaphase,telophase,prophase,interphase
B) interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
C) interphase,metaphase,prophase,telophase,anaphase
D) prophase,metaphase,anaphase,cytokinesis,telophase
E) cytokinesis,telophase,metaphase,prophase,interphase

Question 72

An organ is composed of

A) three cell types.
B) at least two specialized tissues.
C) at least 10 specialized cell types.
D) one or more tissue types.
E) groups of cells randomly arranged around a scaffold.

Question 73

Somatic stem cells are found in

A) adult tissues.
B) embryonic tissues.
C) umbilical-cord blood.
D) germ tissue.
E) All of the above.

Question 74

The organization of cells from least to most complex is

A) organ system,organ,tissue,cell.
B) cell,organ,tissue,organ system.
C) organs,organ system,tissue,cell.
D) cell,tissue,organ,organ system.
E) cell,tissue,organ system,organ.

Question 75

Organs are composed of

A) one type of cell.
B) one type of tissue.
C) at least two tissues.
D) more than three cell types.
E) None of the above.

Question 76

The bladder is composed of multiple tissues.This organization is beneficial because

A) each specialized cell type provides function to the organ.
B) one tissue type would not be functional.
C) having more than one tissue present makes stem-cell harvesting easier.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.

Question 77

A group of cells performing a similar function is described as

A) multicellular.
B) an organism.
C) an organ system.
D) an organ.
E) tissue.

Question 78

What is/are the challenges facing organ regeneration using stem cells?

A) Organs are highly complex,some containing many types of tissues,all of which would need to be assembled via regenerated tissues (stem cells).
B) Organs are innervated;these connections are difficult to reassemble in regenerated organs.
C) It is difficult to get an engineered organ to function normally when transplanted.
D) We do not know all of the genes involved in regulating a cell,particularly stem cells.
E) All of the above.

Question 79

A cell has 46 centromeres in G₁.How many will be present in prophase and in anaphase?

A) 46 in prophase and 46 in anaphase
B) 46 in prophase and 23 in anaphase
C) 46 in prophase and 92 in anaphase
D) 23 in prophase and 92 in anaphase
E) 92 in prophase and 46 in anaphase

Question 80

Although organ transplants are an available treatment option,which of the following describes potential risks of this approach?

A) The demand for organs such as hearts,livers,and kidneys is greater than the supply.
B) Rejection of the transplanted organ can result in a loss of organ function or potential harm to the patient.
C) Transplantation surgeries do not always produce successful functional organs in the transplanted patient.
D) B and C
E) All of the above.