Deck 7: Prejudice

Question 1

People find it easier to hold their prejudices against obese people if they believe:

A) their weight is due to a medical condition.
B) their weight is the result of a free choice to overeat and not exercise.
C) there is a family history of obesity.
D) they appear fragile and in need of help.
E) their weight is the result of free choice and there is a family history of obesity.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following components is NOT a part of prejudice?

A) emotional
B) political
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the social psychological principles listed below did Osherow use to explain the severe physical beatings that parents were encouraged to perform on their own children?

A) self-justification
B) the hindsight bias
C) reactance
D) the fundamental attributional error

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to Osherow, the author of the article on Jonestown, the mass suicide of nearly a thousand people can best be understood as an act of:

A) prejudice and racism.
B) reactance.
C) aggression and assertiveness.
D) conformity and obedience.

Question 5

According to Aronson, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a prejudice?

A) a hostile or unenthusiastic attitude
B) a negative attitude toward a particular group which is based on faulty or incomplete information
C) any positive or negative attitude that predisposes the person
D) an attitude that could lead to hostile action towards a particular group

Question 6

Julia states, "all football players are just a bunch of thick-headed, beer-guzzling oafs." Her statement is best thought of as capturing the essence of:

A) stereotyping.
B) the self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) the psychology of inevitability.
D) scapegoating.

Question 7

Crandall and Eshleman argue that prejudice requires energy and that we are inclined to conserve mental energy. Therefore, in an effort to avoid cognitive dissonance we may:

A) be particularly attracted to information that justifies our prejudice and allows us to express it, thereby saving the energy.
B) be very attentive to information that disconfirms our prejudice so that we could eliminate it, thereby saving the energy we would have used to suppress it.
C) look for a dispositional reason to hold onto our attitudes, thereby saving the energy.
D) consciously edit our statements so that our prejudices do not leak out.

Question 8

The "upper echelon" of Jones' followers were typically attracted to membership in the Temple by:

A) their need for clothing, food and shelter.
B) their need for a "family" environment.
C) their interest in a utopian socialist society free from racism.
D) their belief that Jones was the Messiah.

Question 9

In an effort to not appear prejudice, whites sometimes:

A) praise the work of minorities but do not provide needed feedback if it might be perceived as negative.
B) spend longer in interview with minority candidates, thereby giving them a false sense of success.
C) interact pleasantly with minorities only to devalue their work after the interpersonal interactions.
D) provide negative feedback to minorities about their work but in a such way that it can be dismissed.

Question 10

Frey and Gaertner, in a study involving prejudice and helping, found that:

A) whites, wishing to look "open-minded," were actually more willing to help a black than a white person.
B) whites discriminated against a black person only when such discrimination could be easily rationalized.
C) whites and blacks discriminate against each other equally.
D) whites discriminated against blacks when their self-esteem was threatened.

Question 11

Suppose Fred and Margaret are both being persuaded about the best way to repair lawnmowers and the best way to choose paint colors to decorate a kitchen. Based on the recent work by Sistrunk and McDavid, you would expect:

A) Fred to be more persuaded about mower repair and Margaret about decorating.
B) Margaret to be more persuaded about mower repair and Fred about decorating.
C) Fred to be more persuaded about mower repair and decorating.
D) Margaret to be more persuaded about mower repair and decorating.

Question 12

"Hostile or negative attitudes toward a distinguishable group on the basis of generalizations derived from faulty or incomplete information" is Aronson's definition of:

A) discrimination.
B) bias.
C) stereotypes.
D) prejudice.

Question 13

The research suggests that people find it easier to suspend their prejudices against obese people if they believe:

A) their weight is due to a medical condition.
B) their weight is the result of a free choice to overeat and not exercise.
C) there is a family history of obesity.
D) they are making an effort to lose weight.
E) their weight is due to a medical condition and they are making an effort to lose weight.

Question 14

Osherow notes that after the Jonestown mass suicide, cults and unusual religious practices came under close media scrutiny. One result of this was that many "untraditional" religious practices were seen as dangerous. According to the article, which of the following questions can serve as a basis for distinguishing between beneficial alternative lifestyles and dangerous cult practices?

A) Does membership in a group close off other life choices?
B) Is the group committed to "revolutionary actions"?
C) Is individual responsibility preached as part of the religious doctrine?
D) Is there a single leader who controls the group?

Question 15

What conclusion did Carl Word and his associates arrive at after conducting experiments on whites interviewing minorities for a job?

A) White male interviewers spent more time with blacks in the interviewing because they did not want to be labeled as prejudicial.
B) White male interviewers spent more time with women in the interviews because they were aware of affirmative action.
C) White male interviewers spent less time with blacks and sat further away which caused the interviewee to become uncomfortable.
D) White male interviewers spent less time with women but more time with blacks because all the blacks were males and the interviewers identified more with the males than females.

Question 16

Despite his obviously inhumane practices and the internal inconsistencies in his preachings, Jones was able to maintain his followers' loyalty. Osherow explains this with all but which of the following?

A) People seek to justify their choices by altering their attitudes.
B) If people experience pain and humiliation as part of belonging to a group, then they tend to value membership in that group more highly.
C) Using power to make people comply is more effective in the long run than setting up a situation where people internalize social controls.
D) Slowly but continually increasing the level of demands on a person's time and energy lead them to make greater commitments.

Question 17

A key factor in justifying our biases is whether we believe an individual has:

A) used the prejudice directed at them for personal gain.
B) been discriminated against in the past.
C) control over his or her situation.
D) a likable personality.
E) all of these factors.

Question 18

What conclusion did Glick and Fiske come to with regards to hostile and benevolent sexism?

A) In some situations hostile sexism can be beneficial for women because they will fight harder against the stereotype.
B) In general benevolent sexism is good for women because people have positive feelings towards women.
C) Both hostile and benevolent sexism are limiting to women because they justify relegating women to traditional roles.
D) Both hostile and benevolent sexists assume that women are the weaker and less competent sex.

Question 19

In an experiment by Harber, white college students read and evaluate poorly written essays supposedly written by other students enrolled in a writing workshop. Half of the students believed the writer was black while the other half believed the writer was white. They found the evaluators:

A) said positive things about the subjective content (but not the objective mechanics) of the black writer's essays.
B) said negative things about the subjective content (and the objective mechanics) of the black writer's essays.
C) said positive things about the subjective content (but not the objective mechanics) of the white writer's essays.
D) said negative things about the subjective content (and the objective mechanics) of the white writer's essays.

Question 20

Osherow points out that Jim Jones carefully controlled the information that was available to his followers in order to prevent them from developing a questioning attitude regarding the Temple. In addition to controlling the flow of information, Jones also employed which of the following techniques to keep followers from adopting a critical view of life in the Temple?

A) killing the messenger of bad news
B) attacking the credibility of the sources of critical information
C) developing an elaborate coded language, which was known only to the Temple faithful
D) conducting rigorous and systematic brainwashing sessions where Temple followers who were beginning to question Jones' teachings would be reprogrammed

Question 21

Believing that the world is a "just place" tends to:

A) create a more just world by inducing the person to treat others as responsible for their own outcomes.
B) create a more just world by reducing prejudiced beliefs and attitudes.
C) create a less just world by leading the person to derogate those who have received bad outcomes through no fault of their own.
D) create a more just world by committing the person to the belief that it is.

Question 22

Mary believes that she got her job as a lawyer because she has the potential to be a great lawyer. Her sister, Patty, believes she got her lawyer's job because her firm "needed to hire a woman." Suppose both women come up against a very difficult case. Which result would you be more likely to expect, based on research conducted by Turner and Pratkanis?

A) Mary would work more hours, but be more likely to lose.
B) Patty would work more hours, but be more likely to lose.
C) Patty would be more likely to give up.
D) Mary would be more likely to give up.

Question 23

Which of the following is an interesting result seen in an experiment by Duncan in which viewers watched a film of a black man and a white man arguing?

A) Women subjects reported that both men seemed to be violent, regardless of the man's skin color.
B) Black subjects uniformly reported that the black man in the film was "right" in the argument.
C) Both black and white subjects judged the black man in the film to be the more violent of the two.
D) All of these results were reported in the research.

Question 24

The "ultimate attribution error" has been defined by Pettigrew as:

A) the tendency to attribute one's own failures to the situation.
B) the tendency for people to make attributions that are consistent with their beliefs or prejudices about others.
C) the tendency to make situational attributions about another's behavior.
D) the tendency to attribute another's behavior to both situational and dispositional factors.

Question 25

What did Correll and his associates find in their research into police officers who confront white and black suspects?

A) Black and white subjects were quicker to shoot at armed black suspects than armed white suspects.
B) Subjects were able to quickly distinguish when suspects were holding a cell phone instead of a gun.
C) Only white subjects showed different responses based on the skin color of the suspects.
D) Time of day was the major factor that impacted subjects' responses.

Question 26

In a study by Richeson and Shelton, college students who differed in anti-black prejudice were identified. Low and high prejudice students interacted with a confederate. After having a conversation with the confederate, they took a test of cognitive functioning. ___________ students scored far worse on the cognitive ability test if they interacted with __________ confederates.

A) High prejudice; white
B) Low prejudice; white
C) High prejudice; black
D) Low prejudice; black

Question 27

Jorge states, "I always knew that that white guy Johnson was a sneak. I'm not at all surprised that they finally caught him stealing money out of the cash drawer." Jorge's statement is best thought of as an example of:

A) an authoritarian personality.
B) hindsight bias.
C) the psychology of inevitability.
D) mutual interdependence.

Question 28

Bond and his colleagues investigated a psychiatric hospital that had a racially mixed population of patients but was run by an all-white staff. The results of this study revealed that:

A) harsher methods of handling violent behavior were used against black patients than against white patients.
B) black patients committed more violent acts while in the hospital than did white patients.
C) black patients committed fewer violent acts while in the hospital than did white patients.
D) the staff 's prejudiced treatment toward blacks increased over time.

Question 29

When a person has multiple "social identities," including more than one "minority" identity, how will these different identities impact behaviors?

A) Multiple minority identities will have an additive effect and cause more decrease in abilities.
B) Having multiple minority identities strengthens an individual and increases abilities.
C) Having multiple minority identities has no salient impact on behavior, because everyone is a minority in some way.
D) The effect of multiple minority identities depends on the situation one is in when they must perform.

Question 30

Suppose you are a subject in an experiment and are asked to make a parole decision about two criminals, a Latino, José Ortega, and an upper middle class white man, Matthew Smith. Both men were convicted of embezzling funds from the bank in which they worked. Generalizing from a similar study conducted by Bodenhausen and Wyer, you would most likely recommend parole for:

A) José but not Matthew.
B) Matthew but not José.
C) both José and Matthew.
D) neither José nor Matthew.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a stereotype?

A) Stereotyping provides a way of justifying our own biases.
B) Stereotyping leads people to make attributions that are consistent with their prejudiced beliefs.
C) Stereotypes are relatively flexible and change if individuals are provided with new information that is inconsistent with their beliefs.
D) Stereotypes tend to generate self-fulfilling prophecies.

Question 32

Which of the following is a good example of blaming the victim?

A) People blaming a lower class person for being poor because they feel he is lazy, stupid, and does not want to work.
B) People realizing that sometimes lower class people are poor because society has not provided opportunities for good paying jobs.
C) After a person breaks his leg in a fall down the steps, people might say that the steps were too steep.
D) A person is robbed at gunpoint, and people feel that this person is a victim of society, which needs more gun control laws.

Question 33

Research on the self-fulfilling prophecy conducted by Mark Snyder and his colleagues has revealed that:

A) women are more likely than men to be influenced by others' beliefs about them.
B) introverts are less likely than extroverts to test their hypotheses about other people.
C) the nature of the question that a person is asked can play a part in determining their response.
D) when people are offered large rewards for being correct, they are less likely to use a biased strategy in testing their hypotheses about others.

Question 34

According to the ultimate attribution error, if subjects thought a harm-doer was black, they would be more likely to attribute his action to ________.When they thought he was white, they would be more willing to attribute his action to ________.

A) his personality; the situation
B) the situation; his personality
C) the minority; the majority
D) the majority; the minority

Question 35

Steele and Aronson administered the verbal portion of the GRE to black and white students, telling them either that the test was measuring their intellectual ability or that it had nothing to do with their intellectual ability. The results of this study revealed that:

A) in general, students performed better when they thought the test was important, regardless of race.
B) in general, students performed better when they thought the test was not important, regardless of race.
C) black students did better than white, when they thought the test was important, but worse when they thought it was not important.
D) white students performed equally well in both situations, but black students were highly affected by the way the test was described.

Question 36

According to Jacobs and Eccles, what is the best way for mothers to encourage their daughters to develop strong math skills?

A) to hold stereotypic beliefs and to communicate them to their daughters
B) to actively avoid gender stereotypes so that they are not transmitted to their daughters
C) to become very good at math themselves and lead by example
D) to encourage their daughters to seek out their father for help on math homework

Question 37

In the Lerner experiment, in which subjects observed the experimenter flipping a coin to decide which of two people would be rewarded for his work, it was later found that:

A) the nonrewarded person was seen as having engaged in the task for its own sake (dissonance effect).
B) the nonrewarded person was seen as having worked less on the task (blaming the victim).
C) the nonrewarded person was liked better than the rewarded one (compensation effect).
D) the rewarded person came to believe that he had worked harder on the task (self-fulfilling prophecy).

Question 38

What did Steele and Aronson mean by their term, stereotype threat?

A) The stereotype of a group would be accepted by all people in society.
B) The minority group would act out more on the stereotypes about violence and display more violence in society, which would threaten many people.
C) Society would devote more police resources to stop any minority threat to society.
D) The individuals who are a minority come to believe the cultural stereotypes and they do not perform as well in society.

Question 39

Frank has started working in an office recently where Mary has worked for several years. Mary is prejudiced against Jewish people, and Frank just happens to be Jewish. While eating her lunch at work one day, Mary noticed that Frank had saved his lunch bag after eating-rather than throwing it in the trash. "How cheap can you get?" Mary thinks. "Those Jews won't spend a nickel if they don't have to!" What Mary doesn't know is that Frank is an avid environmentalist who tries to recycle as many resources as he can. Mary's comment is an example of:

A) scapegoating.
B) the psychology of inevitability.
C) the ultimate attribution error.
D) the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 40

Attribution theory is most concerned with explaining the:

A) tendency of people to make inferences about the causes of behavior.
B) tendency people have to make stereotypic statements about minority group members.
C) tendency people have to derogate themselves.
D) tendency people have to look for situational explanations for the behavior of others.

Question 41

When it comes to changing deeply rooted attitudes and behavior, such as prejudice, the most effective strategy is to:

A) place people in a situation in which they must change their behavior, then changes in attitudes will follow.
B) give people lots of vivid and personal information that contradicts their attitudes, then changes in behavior will follow.
C) offer people rewards and praise for changing their behavior, then changes in attitudes will follow.
D) have a highly attractive and credible speaker present arguments that contradict the person's attitudes, then changes in behavior will follow.

Question 42

Aronson's argument that "stateways change folkways" is based primarily on:

A) reactance theory.
B) the "just world" hypothesis.
C) conformity pressures.
D) the theory of cognitive dissonance.

Question 43

In a study, research participants overheard others use an African-American racial slur (Kirkland et al.). and when compared to research participants who had not heard the slur, they:

A) punished more severely the white client of a black lawyer.
B) were more empathetic towards the white client of a black lawyer.
C) evaluated the black lawyer's performance more positively.
D) were more likely to give the black lawyer equal status with the white lawyer.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic typical of an "authoritarian personality"?

A) conventional values
B) low respect for authority
C) intolerant of weaknesses
D) rigidity of beliefs

Question 45

How did America see the Chinese during the 19th century?

A) The Chinese were defined mostly in negative stereotypes and only in positive terms when it came to their food in restaurants.
B) The Chinese were defined in negative stereotypes during economic hard times and in very positive terms when their labor was needed for building the railroad.
C) When the Chinese first arrived in this country they worked very hard and other people recognized their excellent work habits. By the late 19th century it led to greater advances in industry and trade and became known as the model minority.
D) During the gold rush days there was little prejudice against the Chinese because it was each man for himself.

Question 46

Suppose you asked students to write stories about black and white characters. Some students were prejudiced against blacks; others were not. Some students were frustrated just before they wrote the stories and others were not. Generalizing from a similar experiment, you would guess that the group that would write most negatively about blacks in their stories were:

A) prejudiced, frustrated students.
B) non-prejudiced, frustrated students.
C) prejudiced, non-frustrated students.
D) non-prejudiced, non-frustrated students.

Question 47

Joe was brought up in a household in which both of his parents worked outside the home, and both they and the children shared responsibilities for housework. When Joe left home and went to college, he joined a fraternity and became friends with some members who held rather sexist attitudes towards women's roles. When Joe came home for the summer, his parents were surprised to find that Joe expected his mother to do his laundry and pick up after him. Joe's new attitudes were most likely a function of:

A) scapegoating.
B) his authoritarian personality.
C) the psychology of inevitability.
D) conformity processes.

Question 48

According to The Social Animal, when important issues are involved, information campaigns:

A) have been successful in changing prejudiced attitudes when given adequate media coverage.
B) are not effective ways of undoing and changing prejudicial behavior.
C) are effective in eliminating distortions and deep-seated prejudiced attitudes when individuals are forced to listen to the information.
D) are ineffective in changing prejudiced attitudes unless both sides of the issue are presented.

Question 49

Where did the word scapegoat come from?

A) It came from the Medieval times when Jews were placed in ghettos and would escape from their neighborhood.
B) Ancient Hebrews had a custom during atonement where the priest placed his hands on the goat and recited the sins of the people. Then they allowed the goat to escape.
C) The term developed in the south during the slavery days when blacks would escape from a plantation and yet still carry the burden of slavery with them.
D) The term developed in the 1960s as child abuse research discovered that parents labeled one child and would abuse that child, who was the scapegoat for all the family's problems.

Question 50

According to the "psychology of inevitability," if an individual anticipates close contact with a group against which he or she is prejudiced:

A) that individual will change his or her prejudiced attitude so that it becomes more favorable toward the group.
B) it will tend to increase that individual's prejudice toward the group.
C) there will be no change in the individual's attitude because he or she is being forced into the situation.
D) that individual will pretend to be less prejudiced toward the group, but the real prejudice will not change.

Question 51

According to research cited in The Social Animal, whites in South Africa falsely believed that blacks committed the vast majority of the crimes because of:

A) greater media exposure of violent crimes being committed by blacks against whites.
B) the small numbers of blacks on the police forces.
C) the institutionalized social norm forbid white convicts from working in public.
D) poverty that most blacks experienced in South Africa.

Question 52

A more parsimonious social psychological explanation of the relationship between prejudice and the authoritarian personality is that prejudice comes from:

A) unconscious hostility to and repressed fear of his/her parents.
B) identification with parental attitudes that are prejudice.
C) genetic similarity.
D) a fear of communist and socialist policies.

Question 53

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of people to whom Adorno and his colleagues refer as the "authoritarian personality"?

A) They tend to be rigid and set in their beliefs.
B) In general, they tend to be intolerant of weakness.
C) They tend to possess conventional values and standards.
D) They tend to be authority figures.

Question 54

Studies on conformity and prejudice have shown that:

A) individuals who move into areas in which the norm is more prejudiced show dramatic increases in their levels of prejudice.
B) individuals who are least likely to conform to a wide variety of social norms usually show a higher degree of prejudice in environments that are highly prejudiced.
C) individuals with nonconformist personalities tend to become less prejudiced when they move into areas that are high in prejudice.
D) conformity to general norms and specific prejudices such as racism are not related.

Question 55

The subject in Sherif 's study of two groups, the "Eagles" and the "Rattlers" were:

A) college students who volunteered to participate for extra credit.
B) normal 11-12 year old Boy Scouts.
C) male college students.
D) men age 24-27 from various occupations who volunteered to participate for money.

Question 56

Which of the following is probably NOT a major cause of prejudice as discussed by Aronson?

A) personality needs, such as authoritarianism
B) economic or political competition
C) scapegoating-the displacement of aggression
D) one's racial background

Question 57

The lynchings of blacks and pogroms against Jews occur when members of the in-group allow or approve such activities. Aronson refers to these historical atrocities as extreme forms of:

A) the authoritarian personality.
B) the ultimate attribution error.
C) scapegoating.
D) the self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question 58

After Muzafer Sherif and his associates had arbitrarily divided boys in a summer camp into two groups, they found that intergroup hostility could be created by providing ________ and reduced by providing ________.

A) competitive activities; cooperative activities
B) more intergroup contact; less intergroup contact
C) negative stereotypes; positive stereotypes
D) oversufficient rewards; insufficient rewards

Question 59

An "authoritarian personality" is closely linked to which of the following dimensions?

A) mutual interdependence
B) the matching hypothesis
C) the self-fulfilling prophecy
D) prejudice

Question 60

One aspect of the study on the authoritarian personality that should make us cautious is that the authoritarian personality:

A) is based upon correlational research.
B) is most prevalent in the southern region of the United States.
C) is supported by the genetic research.
D) can be more simply explained by identification with parental attitudes.
E) is based upon correlational research and can be more simply explained by identification with parental attitudes.

Question 61

What is meant by the term "authoritarian personality" and how is it used to explain the phenomenon of prejudice? What are the characteristics and origins of this personality type? What research evidence supports or casts doubt on the notion that an "authoritarian personality" is a strong determinant of prejudice?

Question 62

What is prejudice and how is it related to the phenomenon of stereotyping? How do stereotypes influence the kinds of attributions that are made regarding the behavior or personalities of members of a stereotyped group? In your answer, provide research examples that illustrate the role of attributions in stereotyping and prejudice.

Question 63

Aronson argues that the most effective way to reduce prejudice is to:

A) allow people to choose whether or not they will desegregate so that cognitive dissonance causes them to change their attitudes.
B) use information campaigns to change people's attitudes.
C) require people to desegregate with no options of going back to segregation.
D) try to keep prejudiced groups apart as much as possible to reduce frustration and competition.

Question 64

Daryl and Sandra Bem suggest that prejudice against women in our society is an example of a "nonconscious ideology." What is meant by this term? Describe at least one piece of research that supports this position.

Question 65

Recent research has shown that children who cooperate with each other in interdependent classroom situations:

A) like each other less.
B) show decreases in their self-esteem.
C) enjoy school less.
D) develop more empathy.

Question 66

In their investigations of the early years of school desegregation, Pettigrew and other researchers found that violence tended to result when:

A) people were not given a choice about whether desegregation would occur.
B) desegregation took place in the South, rather than the North.
C) desegregation policies were implemented in a hesitant, gradual, or inconsistent manner.
D) no efforts were made to reduce prejudice prior to desegregation.

Question 67

The year is 1954, and the Supreme Court has just made its ruling in the case of Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Desegregation of the schools will proceed. You've been called upon to provide expert social-psychological testimony on how best to implement desegregation. What specific advice would you give policy-makers? What factors should they consider in planning desegregation efforts so that the expected positive outcomes are more likely to occur? Cite research to support your recommendations.

Question 68

The major feature of jigsaw groups that Aronson believes accounts for their success in reducing the negative effects of prejudice is:

A) lack of competition among children.
B) the necessity of depending on all group members for vital information.
C) the forbidding of any teasing or abuse of minority children.
D) the breaking down of a large, formal classroom into small, informal groups so the children get a chance to know each other.

Question 69

In general, early efforts to desegregate the schools resulted in:

A) an increase in the self-esteem of minority children, but a surprising decrease in the self-esteem of nonminority children.
B) an unanticipated decrease in the self-esteem of minority children.
C) reduced prejudice among minority children, but not among nonminority children.
D) better academic performance among nonminority children.

Question 70

According to The Social Animal, the jigsaw technique was successful in overcoming hostility in the classroom because:

A) it appealed to natural altruistic tendencies in children before they outgrew them.
B) it capitalized on children's self-interest to do well in school.
C) teachers allowed students to choose the members of their group.
D) collaboration reduces the amount of time students need to spend with one another.

Question 71

Mutual interdependence refers to a situation in which:

A) you depend on someone else to help you accomplish your goals.
B) individuals need, and are needed by, one another to accomplish their goals.
C) individuals allow each other the freedom to accomplish their own independent goals.
D) individuals compete in a friendly way to accomplish a goal that each person values highly.

Question 72

Suppose you know a black person who feels that he is the victim of sexual discrimination and prejudice. According to experimental data, which of the following strategies will be effective in reducing this prejudice?

A) competing more aggressively with whites for economic and political power
B) creating counter-stereotypes aimed at the prejudiced group, such as "whitey"
C) drawing together with other blacks into highly cohesive groups which do not include whites
D) working interdependently with white people in situations which allow both an equal status

Question 73

How did Muzafer Sherif reduce the tension at the camp between the Eagles and Rattlers?

A) After all the competition between the boys had been created, the head counselor had to sit the boys down and tell them that it was an experiment. The little speech saved the day.
B) They had a big campfire and all the boys had a good time.
C) They deliberately broke the water supply system, so it took all the boys in both groups working together to fix it.
D) The situation got out of hand. The parents had to come and get the boys sooner than was expected.

Question 74

Please explain Sherif's work with kids at the summer camp in detail. Then describe an effort on your campus to increase volunteerism and/or service learning. One goal in such programs is to build campus unity and a bond among the students on campus. Will these volunteer programs fail to achieve these goals given what you have read about Sherif's work? Carefully discuss the critical differences between Sherif's approach and the approach on your campus. You should restrict your discussion to the stated goals of building campus unity and a bond among the students on campus and address each separately.

Question 75

Suppose you were a woman who felt she was the victim of sexual discrimination and prejudice. According to experimental data, which of the following strategies will be effective in reducing this prejudice?

A) working interdependently with men in situations which allow you both an equal status
B) drawing together into highly cohesive groups which do not include men
C) assigning women leadership roles to demonstrate they can perform as well as, or better than, men
D) changing people's attitudes by pointing out the injustice of prejudice against women

Question 76

According to Aronson, which of the following is a result of a jigsaw classroom?

A) Anglo children experienced a reduction in self-esteem.
B) Anglo children learned less than in a traditional classroom.
C) minority children experienced a reduction in self-esteem.
D) minority children performed better than in a traditional classroom.

Question 77

Consider Aronson and Mill's work on the effects of initiation on the liking of a group from Chapter 5 (Self-justification). Explain the effects and argue whether they should be published in your college newspaper so that all campus groups, social groups, athletic teams and academic clubs would be armed with the knowledge of how to structure their initiation to be the most effective at getting people to like their group. Should they be published in the school newspaper? Why or why not? Should Sherif's work with kids at a summer camp also be included in the article? Why or why not? Be sure to fully explain your reasoning.

Question 78

Briefly describe the features of the "jigsaw" classroom by comparing it to the way classrooms traditionally operate. What are the principles underlying the jigsaw technique that promote positive outcomes for students? How is the jigsaw technique related to the development of empathy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Question 79

How can economic or political forces foster prejudice between different groups in society? What role does competition and conflict over resources play in this process? Provide one historical example and one piece of research evidence to support your answer.