Deck 12: Coevolution of Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

_____ has/have tyrosine phosphatase activity that interrupts the signaling pathways required for the activation of NK cells.

A)SHP-1
B)MIC proteins
C)KIR ligands
D)phosphoantigens
E)lipid-transfer proteins.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

of the following describe Vav1 except _____.

A)guanine-nucleotide exchange factor
B)regulated by SHP-1
C)active when phosphorylated
D)found on the surface of NK cells
E)mediates signaling that promotes NK cells' release of cytotoxic granules.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Identify the mismatched pair:

A)CD94:NKG2A; ITIM
B)NKG2D; MIC proteins
C)SHP-1; Vav1
D)2B4; IgG
E)HLA-E; leader-sequence peptide.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Identify which of the following would be sufficient to activate NK cells.

A)NKG2A and CD94
B)NKG2D and 2B4
C)KIR2DL1 and KIR3DL1
D)CD56 and LFA-1.

Question 5

Explain (A)how the ligand for CD94:NKG2A serves as an indicator of non-infectious or non-malignant states of potential target cells,and (B)the consequence if ligand expression is compromised on target cells.

Question 6

Identify which of the following is not a characteristic of CD94:NKG2A.

A)contains a C-type lectin domain
B)is an inhibitory NK-cell receptor
C)binds to carbohydrate ligands
D)is a disulfide-linked heterodimer
E)contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM).

Question 7

only single receptor that can activate NK cells without the need for a second activating receptor is _____.

A)NKG2D
B)CD56
C)2B4
D)CD94:NKG2A
E)CD16a.

Question 8

At birth,the size of the repertoire of γ:δ T-cell receptors is _____ its size at adolescence.

A)smaller than
B)larger than
C)about the same as.

Question 9

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is false?

A)They express either inhibitory receptors or activating receptors,but not both.
B)Their inhibitory receptors are necessary to prevent killing of healthy cells.
C)They all express CD56.
D)Because NK cells express diverse combinations of receptors,no single NK cell expresses them all.
E)Some of their activating and inhibitory receptors use MHC class I ligands.

Question 10

Which of the following is false regarding HLA-G?

A)It is expressed as transmembrane or secreted forms.
B)It binds to LILRB1 inside endosomes of NK cells.
C)It stimulates the production of angiogenic factors by activating NK cells.
D)It is expressed exclusively by extravillous trophoblast cells.
E)It engages inhibitory receptors on uterine NK cells.

Question 11

In contrast to CD1d,CD1a,b,and c are not expressed by _____.

A)professional antigen-presenting cells
B)epithelial cells
C)developing thymocytes.

Question 12

Which of the following is not a ligand for α:β T cells?

A)peptide antigens
B)lipid antigen
C)sulfatides
D)heterocyclic organic molecules.

Question 13

Natural killer cells (NK cells)carry activating and inhibitory receptors on their surface.
A.What property of NK cells do these receptors activate or inhibit,respectively? Explain your answer.
B.How are NK cells thought to use these receptors to recognize and eliminate virus-infected cells?
C.Why are the actions of NK cells categorized as innate immunity,and what do we know of their specificity for MHC class I molecules?
D.Why do the NK cells of the recipient of an organ transplant sometimes attack the transplanted tissue?

Question 14

All of the following develop in the thymus except _____.

A)α:β T cells
B)γ:δT cells
C)NK cells
D)NKT cells
E)MAIT cells.

Question 15

Which of the following characterize MIC-A and MIC-B proteins? (Select all that apply.)

A)recognized by NKG2D receptors of NK cells and some CD8 T cells
B)activate the signaling pathway
C)activate mast cells in the intestinal wall
D)closely related to MHC class I heavy chains
E)bind to MHC class I molecules and activate CD8 T cells.

Question 16

of the following are characteristic of NK cells except _____.

A)they express Toll-like receptors
B)they are tolerant of healthy cells
C)they circulate in a partly activated state
D)they all express the same selection of activating and inhibitory NK-cell receptors
E)they can be activated by FcγRIIIA (CD16a).

Question 17

In the context of NK-cell inhibitory and activating receptors and maternal arterial invasion,explain the cause of (A)pre-eclampsia and (B)obstructed labor.Base your response on a pregnancy involving a fetus who has inherited a C2 epitope from the father but whose mother is homozygous for C1.

Question 18

Which of the following describe the characteristics of CD94:NKG2A? (Select all that apply.)

A)It is an activating receptor of NK cells.
B)It is an inhibitory receptor of NK cells.
C)It binds to specific allotypes of HLA-A,-B,and -C heavy chains.
D)It binds to complexes of leader sequences of HLA-A,-B,and -C heavy chains bound to HLA-E.
E)It is a member of the killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)family.

Question 19

Charlene Cook,a 38-year-old primigravida,is 35 weeks pregnant.Until recently she has had an uneventful pregnancy.Two weeks ago,her obstetrician noted lower-extremity edema,trace protein in her urine (10-20 mg/dl),and normal blood pressure (120/80 mmHg).At today's appointment her blood pressure is elevated at 160/100 mmHg,she has marked proteinuria (3+; 300 mg/dl),worsening of ankle swelling,facial and hand swelling,and she mentions sudden onset of headache and visual disturbance.Charlene is admitted immediately to hospital and is diagnosed with pre-eclampsia.Within hours she is induced and gives birth to a healthy baby girl.In the context of uterine NK-cell function,which of the following is inconsistent with the cause of Charlene's pre-eclampsia?
a.There is inadequate extravillous trophoblast invasion of the spiral arteries or the uterus.
b.She has maternal homozygosity for the KIR A haplotype.
c.Uterine NK cells fail to secrete adequate amount of cytokines and growth factors needed to promote angiogenesis and remodeling of the maternal arteries.
d.The baby's father and mother are homozygous for the C1 epitope.
e.Insufficient activating signals were delivered to uterine NK cells.
ANSWERS

Question 20

V_γ9:V_δ2 T cells differ from α:β T cells in that they _____.(Select all that apply.)

A)respond to phosphorylated metabolic intermediates (phosphoantigens)of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways
B)bind to lipid antigens presented by CD1
C)do not carry out gene rearrangement
D)are not subject to positive and negative selection in the thymus
E)have limited diversity of V gene rearrangement.

Question 21

CD1a,CD1b,and CD1c _____.(Select all that apply.)

A)are highly polymorphic and bind to a variety of pathogen-specific lipids
B)are encoded within the MHC on chromosome 6
C)express antigen-binding sites distinct from classical MHC class I molecules
D)are associated with β₂-microglobulin at the surface of antigen-presenting cells
E)can bind to lipids in the endoplasmic reticulum or in endocytic vesicles.

Question 22

Explain the path taken by CD1 molecules that eventually bind to pathogen-derived lipids inside endosomes of the MHC class II compartment.

Question 23

If,during development,none of the KIRs expressed by a NK cell are able to interact with self-MHC class I molecules,then the NK cell retains expression of _____.

A)LILRBI
B)KIR2DL1
C)KIR2DL2/3
D)KIR3DL1
E)CD94:NKG2A.

Question 24

_____ express a limited range of diversity in their antigen receptors yet can still bind to large groups of pathogens expressing common chemical entities.(Select all that apply.)

A)α:βT cells
B)γ:δT cells
C)NK cells
D)NKT cells
E)B-1 cells.

Question 25

_____ binds to MIC-A and MIC-B,which are synthesized in response to infection in gut epithelium.(Select all that apply.)

A)MHC class I
B)NKG2D
C)V_γ:V_δ1
D)fibroblast growth factor
E)CD1.

Question 26

All NK cells express _____.(Select all that apply.)

A)CD3
B)MIC
C)NKG2D
D)KIR2DL1
E)CD56.

Question 27

CD1d differs from CD1a,CD1b,and CD1c in that _____.(Select all that apply.)

A)CD1d does not present lipid antigens
B)CD1d is expressed in a variety of epithelial tissues
C)CD1d presents antigen to NK T cells
D)strong memory responses are generated by CD1d
E)CD1d has a restricted receptor repertoire.

Question 28

_____ is a molecule expressed on NK cells and V_γ:V_δ1 T cells.

A)CD3
B)MIC-A
C)NKG2D
D)CD94:NKG2A
E)killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR).