Deck 3: Innate Immunity: the Induced Response to Infection

Question 1

Identify which of the following receptors does not lead to nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate.

A)TLR4
B)IL-1 receptor
C)NOD1
D)NOD2
E)All of the above receptors culminate in nuclear translocation of NF\kappaB through an activated IKK intermediate.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

of the following induce fever except _____.

A)IL-12
B)IL-6
C)IL-1
D)TNF-\alpha.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_____ help to prevent systemic bacterial dissemination by producing chromatin structures loaded with antimicrobial substances.

A)Inflammasomes
B)Neutrophil extracellular traps
C)RIG-1-like helicases
D)Granulomas
E)Plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

_____ are structurally similar membrane-bound proteins that aid in the adhesion between various types of human cell.

A)Interferons
B)Integrins
C)GTP-binding proteins
D)Pyrogens
E)Pentraxins.

Question 5

Scavenger receptor SR-B recognizes _____.

A)lipopolysaccharides
B)teichoic acid
C)filamentous hemagglutinin
D)CpG-rich bacterial DNA
E)lipids.

Question 6

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

A)primary granules: azurophilic granules
B)secondary granules: unsaturated lactoferrin
C)azurophilic granules: myeloperoxidase
D)gelatinase: iron sequestration
E)tertiary granules: natural killer cells.

Question 7

C-reactive protein binds to _____.

A)phosphorylcholine
B)mannose-containing carbohydrates
C)lipoteichoic acid
D)flagellin
E)MASP-1/MASP-2.

Question 8

C-type lectins are so called because of the role of _____ in facilitating receptor:ligand interactions.

A)carbohydrate
B)CR1
C)calcium
D)chemokines
E)caspases.

Question 9

Lectins recognize microbial _____.

A)phosphate-containing lipoteichoic acids
B)nucleic acids
C)carbohydrates
D)flagellin
E)sulfated polysaccharides.

Question 10

of the following are true of MyD88 except _____.

A)It binds to the TIR domains of all Toll-like receptors except TLR3.
B)It binds to IRAK4,a protein kinase,causing the kinase to phosphorylate itself.
C)It is an adaptor protein with similar function to TRIF.
D)A genetic deficiency of MyD88 causes the disease X-linked ectodermal dysplasia and immunodeficiency.

Question 11

Which of the following is most similar in its activity to that of IRF3?

A)IRAK4
B)NF\kappaB
C)TRAF6
D)I\kappa\kappa
E)GTP-binding (G)protein.

Question 12

C3 convertase that functions in the lectin pathway of complement activation consists of _____.

A)C3bBb
B)C3b2a
C)C4b2a
D)C4b2b
E)C3b₂Bb.

Question 13

Which of the following cleaves C2? (Select all that apply.)

A)Factor B
B)C1r
C)MASP-2
D)C1s
E)C4b.

Question 14

common with Toll-like receptors,NOD-like receptors also contain _____ that is/are used for pathogen-recognition of microbial ligands.

A)caspase-recruitment domains (CARD)
B)Toll interleukin 1 receptor (TIR)domain
C)variable extracellular domain
D)leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs)
E)C-type lectin domain (CTLD).

Question 15

name given to cytokines that recruit cells to move towards areas of inflammation is _____.

A)chemokines
B)caspase-recruitment domains (CARDs)
C)inflammakines
D)adhesion molecules
E)pyrogens.

Question 16

which of the following complement proteins does C-reactive protein interact?

A)factor D
B)C1
C)factor P
D)C4
E)C2.

Question 17

_____ is a soluble protein.(Select all that apply.)

A)TLR4
B)CD14
C)lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP)
D)CXCR1
E)mannose-binding lectin.

Question 18

pH of the phagosome increases following phagocytosis because _____.

A)the microbe delivers a significant number of hydroxyl ions in its cytosol that are released upon membrane disruption
B)hydrogen ions are eliminated by the activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide dismutase
C)azurophilic granules deliver alkaline substances
D)catalase consumes hydrogen ions once activated.

Question 19

Immediately after engagement of NK-cell Toll-like receptors,the NK cell _____.

A)discharges cytotoxic granules
B)ligates IL-12R\beta1 and IL-12R\beta 2
C)synthesizes and secretes IL-15
D)synthesizes and secretes IL-12
E)synthesizes and secretes type I interferons.

Question 20

function of uterine NK cells (uNK)is to _____.

A)kill virus-infected cells
B)secrete growth factors that promote blood vessel growth to supply the placenta
C)activate resident macrophages by secreting inflammatory cytokines
D)secrete 1000 times more type I interferon than other cells to protect the fetus from viral infection.

Question 21

Which of the following Toll-like receptors are expressed exclusively in NK cells? (Select all that apply.)

A)TLR3
B)TLR4
C)TLR7
D)TLR8
E)TLR9.

Question 22

_____ is not an opsonin.

A)Mannose-binding lectin
B)IFN-\alpha
C)C-reactive protein
D)surfactant protein-A (SP-A)
E)surfactant protein-D (SP-D).

Question 23

Unlike inflammatory cytokines,Toll-like receptors _____.

A)are never secreted
B)participate only in adaptive immune responses
C)are expressed only by dendritic cells
D)stimulate the production of acute-phase proteins
E)induce fever.

Question 24

Which of the following does not describe a feature observed when a target cell is induced to commit apoptosis by an NK cell?

A)DNA fragmentation by target cell nucleases
B)target cell shrinkage
C)shedding of membrane-enclosed vesicles by the target cell
D)chromatin extrusion in the form of decondensed DNA by the target cell
E)macrophage disposal of apoptotic remains of the target cell.

Question 25

Toll-like receptors are located _____.

A)only on the plasma membrane
B)on the plasma membrane and the mitochondrial outer membrane
C)on the plasma membrane and endosomal membranes
D)only in the cytoplasm
E)inside inflammasomes.

Question 26

Stimulation of NK cells by IL-12 _____.

A)enhances their cytotoxic potential
B)skews their differentiation into effector NK cells
C)induces the synthesis and secretion of IL-15 by NK cells
D)turns off type I interferon production by NK cells
E)induces the NK cell to undergo programmed cell death.

Question 27

Which of the following does not describe a safety mechanism to ensure that only infected cells are attacked by NK cells?

A)The default state is one of active inhibition,which must be overcome by activating signals before killing occurs.
B)Intimate contact with target cells is required.
C)Activating receptors are induced only after encountering an infected cell.
D)No single receptor-ligand interaction induces cytotoxicity,but instead many combinations of receptor-ligand interactions influence the decision to kill or not to kill a target cell.

Question 28

of the following statements regarding Toll-like receptors are true except _____.

A)They exist as either transmembrane homodimers or heterodimers.
B)The extracellular domain detects the microbial component.
C)They facilitate changes in gene expression.
D)They sense molecules not found in or on human cells.
E)The cytoplasmic signaling domain contains a variable number of leucine-rich repeat regions (LRRs).

Question 29

_____ is a cytokine produced by both macrophages and dendritic cells that promotes the proliferation,differentiation,and survival of NK cells.

A)IL-15
B)IL-1\beta
C)CXCL8
D)TNF-\alpha
E)IL-6.

Question 30

of the following characterize serum amyloid protein except _____.

A)it contains approximately 100 amino acids
B)it interacts with CD36 scavenger receptor
C)it increases in concentration by 25% or more in response to infection
D)it associates with high-density lipoprotein particles
E)it activates the classical pathway of complement activation.

Question 31

Toll-like receptors differ from scavenger receptors in that they _____.

A)bind to common repetitive arrays on microbial surfaces
B)stimulate a pathway that causes enzymatic degradation of the microbe to which they bind
C)are soluble receptors that bind to microbes in extracellular spaces
D)mediate signal transduction pathways,causing cytokine production.

Question 32

Measurement of which of the following is commonly used when monitoring patients with autoimmune diseases as an indicator of inflammatory relapse?

A)IL-1RA
B)cryopyrin
C)C-reactive protein
D)proIL-1\beta
E)IL-15.

Question 33

Describe the different functions performed by the two subpopulations of NK cells in the blood and how they are distinguished. B.How does this compare with NK-cell subpopulations in other tissues?

Question 34

following cytokines activate NK cells early in the course of a viral infection with the exception of _____.
a.IFN-\alpha
b.IFN-\beta
c.IFN-\gamma
d.IL-12
e.IL-15.

Question 35

_____ binds to and retains NF\kappaB in the cytosol.

A)MyD88
B)TRAF6
C)I\kappaB
D)I\kappa\kappa
E)IRAK4.

Question 36

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells _____.(Select all that apply.)

A)detect viral infection by using TLR4
B)produce large amounts of the type I interferons when activated
C)are found exclusively in the blood
D)make up 10% of circulating leukocytes
E)have a cytoplasmic morphology resembling that of antibody-producing plasma cells.

Question 37

_____ is/are needed to minimize the damaging effects to neighboring host cells during a respiratory burst.

A)Catalase activity
B)Complement control proteins
C)NADPH oxidase activity
D)Neutrophil mobilization
E)Superoxide dismutase activity.

Question 38

the following Toll-like receptors,which is the most highly conserved and displays the smallest amount of allelic polymorphism?

A)TLR1
B)TLR8
C)TLR10
D)TLR6
E)TLR4.

Question 39

Which of the following is not a characteristic of mannose-binding lectin?

A)acts as an opsonin by binding to mannose-containing carbohydrates of pathogens
B)synthesized by hepatocytes
C)induced by elevated IL-6 levels
D)a member of the pentraxin family
E)triggers the alternative pathway of complement activation.

Question 40

is NF\kappaB and what is its role in mediating signals through TLRs?

Question 41

adaptor protein in the inflammasome is required to link _____ to the NOD-like receptor NLRP3.

A)MyD88
B)procaspase-1
C)RIPK2
D)TAKI
E)IKK.

Question 42

ligands of endosomal Toll-like receptors are _____.

A)lipids of Gram-negative bacteria
B)flagellin proteins of bacteria
C)lipids of Gram-positive bacteria
D)zymosan of fungi
E)nucleic acids of viruses and bacteria.

Question 43

Explain the consequence of engagement of the TLR4,CD14,and MD2 complex with LPS in macrophages.

Question 44

Which of the following is not a characteristic of C-reactive protein?

A)acts as an opsonin by binding to phosphorylcholine of pathogens
B)synthesized by spleen
C)induced by elevated IL-6 levels
D)a member of the pentraxin family
E)triggers the classical pathway of complement activation.

Question 45

lectin pathway of complement activation is induced by _____.

A)C-reactive protein
B)antibodies bound to pathogens
C)mannose-binding lectin
D)iC3Bb
E)terminal components of the complement pathway.

Question 46

Explain why TLRs can detect many different species of microbes despite the limited number of different TLR proteins.

Question 47

Describe the two different domains of TLRs and their respective functions.

Question 48

of the following acute-phase proteins increase in concentration in the plasma during inflammation with the exception of _____.

A)albumin
B)serum amyloid A protein
C)fibrinogen
D)C3
E)mannose-binding lectin.

Question 49

the basis of laboratory experiments,a possible scenario for the activation of an adaptive immune response would involve _____ within an infected tissue.(Select all that apply.)

A)a balanced number of myeloid dendritic cells and NK cells
B)an abundance of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells
C)a shortage of NK cells compared with myeloid dendritic cells
D)migration of myeloid dendritic cells to secondary lymphoid tissue
E)migration of NK cells to secondary lymphoid tissue.

Question 50

Which of the following TLRs do not use a signal transduction cascade involving MyD88?

A)TLR1:TLR2
B)TLR3
C)TLR4
D)TLR2:TLR6
E)TRL7.

Question 51

is the name given to the earliest intracellular vesicle that contains material opsonized by macrophages?

A)opsonome
B)membrane-attack complex
C)lysosome
D)phagosome
E)phagolysosome.

Question 52

Which of the following activities are most closely associated with natural killer cells?

A)production of TNF-\alpha
B)lysis of virus-infected cells
C)phagocytosis of bacteria
D)release of reactive oxygen intermediates
E)production of IFN-\gamma.

Question 53

Sensors for viral nucleic acid in the cytoplasm,called RLRs,possess domains that bind to _____.(Select all that apply.)
a.GTP-binding proteins
b.type 1 interferons
c.5\prime-triphosphate of uncapped RNA
d.oligomerized procaspase-1
e.CARD domains of MAVS.

Question 54

What induces the production of type I interferon by virus-infected cells?
B.Do normal cells produce this inducer? Why,or why not?
C.Discuss the mechanisms by which type I interferons exert their antiviral effects.

Question 55

After recognizing its ligand,a NOD receptor interacts with a signaling protein called _____,which is a serine-threonine kinase that phosphorylates TAKI.

A)CARD
B)NLRP3
C)RIPK2
D)MARCO
E)SR-A.

Question 56

Chemokine receptors form complexes with _____ after binding to their ligands.

A)inflammasome components
B)pro-IL-1\beta
C)potassium channels
D)GTP-binding proteins
E)tertiary granules.

Question 57

During inflammation,host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated macrophages and neutrophils.Explain what cellular mechanisms limit these damaging bystander effects.
ANSWERS

Question 58

Which of the following best describes an endogenous pyrogen?

A)cytokines made by pathogens that decrease body temperature
B)pathogen products that decrease body temperature
C)pathogen products that increase body temperature
D)cytokines made by the host that decrease body temperature
E)cytokines made by the host that increase body temperature.

Question 59

Which of the following adaptor proteins participates in the activation pathway induced through either TLR3 or TLR4 that culminates in the synthesis of type I interferons?

A)C-reactive protein
B)MyD88
C)LPS-binding protein
D)TRIF
E)NF\kappaB.

Question 60

Which of the following is an acute-phase protein that enhances complement fixation?

A)TNF-\alpha
B)mannose-binding lectin
C)fibrinogen
D)LFA-1
E)CXCL8.

Question 61

Which of the following properties is common to macrophages and neutrophils in an uninfected individual?

A)life-span
B)anatomical location
C)ability to phagocytose
D)morphology
E)formation of pus.