Deck 1: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis

Question 1

Which of the following is least related to connective tissue?

A) thymus
B) bone
C) blood
D) tendon
E) elastin

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Calcium is stored mainly in the ____ system.

A) digestive
B) endocrine
C) integumentary
D) muscular
E) skeletal

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which of the following factors of the internal environment are homeostatically maintained?

A) concentration of nutrient molecules
B) concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide
C) pH
D) temperature
E) all of these

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Select the incorrect statement about connective tissue.

A) Bone is an example.
B) Blood is an example.
C) Elastin may be found in the extracellular material.
D) It has tightly-packed cells.
E) It is a primary tissue type.

Question 5

Evaporation of sweat cooling the body is an example of

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) a feedforward mechanism
D) an intrinsic (local) control mechanism
E) autoregulation

Question 6

Which of the following is not an example of negative feedback?

A) A low grade on an exam causes a student to study harder for the next exam.
B) A small stone rolls down a hill and starts an avalanche.
C) A person goes to eat in the cafeteria when he/she gets hungry.
D) You change a flat tire so you can continue on a journey in your car.
E) A person's body shivers after the person falls into a cold river.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about negative feedback is incorrect?

A) It exists when a change in a regulated variable triggers a response that opposes the change.
B) It exists when the input to a system increases the output and the output inhibits the input.
C) The control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.
D) It is the method by which most of the body's control mechanisms operate.
E) It helps maintain the body's dynamic, steady state.

Question 8

Select the incorrect association.

A) anatomy/body structure
B) human body/multicellular
C) oxygen/cell waste product
D) physiology/body function
E) unicellular/one-celled

Question 9

The respiratory system

A) obtains O₂ from and eliminates CO₂ to the internal environment
B) includes the heart and lungs
C) helps regulate the pH of the internal environment by removing acid-forming CO₂ from the blood
D) all of the these
E) obtains O₂ from and eliminates CO₂ to the internal environment and helps regulate the pH of the internal environment by removing acid-forming CO₂ from the blood

Question 10

The internal environment

A) is not in direct contact with the body's cells
B) consists of the intracellular fluid
C) must be maintained at absolutely unchanging composition, temperature, and volume for survival of the body
D) is in direct contact with the body's cells and consists of the extracellular fluid
E) consists of the intracellular fluid and must be maintained at absolutely unchanging composition, temperature, and volume for survival of the body

Question 11

When a blood capillary is cut, a clot forms under which influence?

A) negative feedback
B) positive feedback
C) extrinsic control
D) negative feedback and extrinsic control
E) none of these

Question 12

Extracellular fluid

A) is the internal environment of the body
B) is outside the cells but inside the body
C) consists of the plasma and interstitial fluid
D) exhibits a dynamic steady state in regard to composition, temperature, and volume
E) all of these

Question 13

Which sequence represents the correct hierarchy of biological organization in a human?

A) cell-organ-tissue-system-organism
B) cell-tissue-organ-system-organism
C) tissue-cell-system-organism-organ
D) organ-tissue-cell-organism-system
E) system-cell-organ-organism-tissue

Question 14

The outer layer of the skin consists of ____ tissue.

A) connective
B) endocrine
C) epithelial
D) muscle
E) nervous

Question 15

Identify the characteristics associated with endocrine glands.

A) lack ducts
B) secrete chemicals directly into the blood
C) derived from epithelial tissue
D) include the parathyroids
E) all of these

Question 16

Nutrients and oxygen are distributed through the body mainly by the ____ system.

A) circulatory
B) digestive
C) endocrine
D) integumentary
E) skeletal

Question 17

The two systems concerned with the control of body functioning are:

A) nervous and respiratory
B) nervous and endocrine
C) endocrine and respiratory
D) endocrine and lymphatic
E) circulatory and endocrine

Question 18

The term smooth refers to a type of ____ tissue.

A) connective
B) epithelial
C) glandular
D) muscle
E) nervous

Question 19

Which of the following body systems is not directed entirely toward maintaining homeostasis?

A) reproductive system
B) endocrine system
C) nervous system
D) all of these
E) reproductive and nervous systems

Question 20

Which of the following is a mechanistic rather than a teleological explanation of a physiological phenomenon?

A) A person breathes to obtain oxygen.
B) A person sweats to cool off.
C) A person's stomach secretes digestive juices because it is stimulated by the nervous system.
D) A person's heart beats to pump blood.
E) A person's kidneys produce urine to eliminate wastes from the body.

Question 21

If a letter in the alphabet is equated to a cell, then ____ would be most like an organ.

A) two paragraphs
B) a paragraph
C) a word
D) a sentence
E) two sentences

Question 22

A mechanistic explanation of why a person breathes is to obtain oxygen.

Question 23

A teleological (non-mechanistic) explanation of why a person sweats is to cool off.

Question 24

All cells that are not pluripotent can reproduce.

Question 25

To sustain life, the internal environment must be maintained in an absolutely unchanging state.

Question 26

Tissues are composed of two or more types of cells organized to perform a particular function or functions.

Question 27

Endocrine glands secrete hormones through ducts into the blood.

Question 28

Some activities performed by the muscular and nervous systems are not directed toward maintaining homeostasis.

Question 29

Blood is a type of connective tissue that contains small fibers of elastin protein in the extracellular material called plasma.

Question 30

Cells eliminate carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Question 31

Highly differentiated tissues such as nervous and cardiac muscle are incapable of reproduction because they are pluripotent.

Question 32

The epidermis that covers the skin is a simple organ.

Question 33

Factors that are homeostatically regulated are maintained at a constant, fixed level unless disease is present.

Question 34

Insulin is a hormone that is secreted into the lumen of the intestine in response to the presence of food.

Question 35

Identify the correct statement(s) about stem cells.

A) They are undifferentiated embryonic cells.
B) They may reproduce many times.
C) Their daughter cells may differentiate into a number of different specialized cell types.
D) All of these.
E) None of these.

Question 36

The lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood plasma.

Question 37

Enzymes are carbohydrates that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

Question 38

Which of the following is a feedforward phenomenon?

A) increasing the amount of insulin secreted before nutrients in food enter the blood
B) shivering in response to having cold air around the body
C) sweating after being in a sauna for 10 minutes
D) eating a doughnut because you are hungry
E) shivering in response to having cold air around the body and sweating after being in a sauna for 10 minutes

Question 39

Glands are formed during embryonic development by pockets of epithelial tissue that dip inward from the surface.

Question 40

The external environment is found outside cells but inside the body.

Question 41

Positive feedback moves a controlled variable even further away from a steady state.

Question 42

Complete each of the following statments.
A(n) ____________________ is a collection of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity that is essential for survival of the whole body.

Question 43

Complete each of the following statments.
The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life is the ____________________.

Question 44

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ glands secrete through ducts, whereas ____________________ glands secrete directly into the blood.

Question 45

A single pluripotent cell without dividing can differentiate into more than one kind of mature body cell.

Question 46

Exocrine glands are the only structures in the body capable of secretion.

Question 47

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ cells are specialized to send electrical signals.

Question 48

The plasma surrounds and bathes all of the body's cells.

Question 49

The endocrine system relies on the circulatory system for the transport of hormones.

Question 50

The integumentary system contains specialized organs called sweat glands, which are important in regulating body temperature.

Question 51

Most homeostatic mechanisms operate on the principle of positive feedback.

Question 52

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ muscle tissue composes the heart.

Question 53

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ are composed of two or more types of primary tissue organized to perform a particular function or functions.

Question 54

With positive feedback, a control system's input and output continue to enhance each other.

Question 55

Complete each of the following statments.
The internal environment consists of the ____________________, which is made up of ____________________; the fluid portion of the blood; and ____________________, which surrounds and bathes all cells.

Question 56

Feedforward mechanisms bring about a response in reaction to a change in a regulated variable.

Question 57

The concentration of salt in the extracellular fluid influences how water enters and leaves cells.

Question 58

One organ can belong to more than one body system.

Question 59

Secretion in response to appropriate stimulation refers to the release of specific products that have, in large part, been synthesized by the cell.

Question 60

Negative feedback operates to maintain a controlled factor in a relatively steady state.

Question 61

Beginning with the chemical level and ending with the system level, compare the different levels of organization in the human body with the following things found on a page in a book: sentence, letter, word, ink in a letter, paragraph, and all paragraphs on a page.

Question 62

Complete each of the following statments.
The two major control systems of the body are the ____________________ and the ____________________.

Question 63

Complete each of the following statments.
The body cells are in direct contact with, and make life-sustaining exchanges with, the ____________________.

Question 64

Complete each of the following statments.
"Reaction counteracts stress" would be a shorthand way of defining ____________________ feedback.

Question 65

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ cells are not specialized for a specific function but can divide to give rise to highly specialized cells.

Question 66

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ refers to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment.

Question 67

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ stem cells are undifferentiated cells that result from the early divisions of a fertilized egg and ultimately give rise to all specialized cells of the body.

Question 68

Complete each of the following statments.
The spleen is part of the ____________________ system.

Question 69

Complete each of the following statments.
The ____________________ system eliminates waste products other than carbon dioxide and plays a key role in regulating the volume, electrolyte composition, and acidity of the extracellular fluid.

Question 70

Use the figure above to answer the corresponding questions.
Which number identifies the system that serves as a regulatory system in which the duration of activity is more important than the speed of activity?

Question 71

Use the figure above to answer the corresponding questions.
Which number identifies the system that serves as the source of all blood cells?

Question 72

The pancreas is part of the endocrine system and secretes the hormone insulin, which allows most body cells to absorb glucose from the blood. A lack of insulin can result in hyperglycemia (high blood glucose), which can adversely affect one's health. Describe the roles of the digestive system, circulatory system, and endocrine systems in maintaining glucose homeostasis when a person eats a sugary meal.

Question 73

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ tissue is composed of cells specialized for contraction and force generation.

Question 74

Complete each of the following statments.
The ____________________ is the liquid part of the blood.

Question 75

Complete each of the following statments.
The ____________________ system consists of all hormone-secreting tissues.

Question 76

Complete each of the following statments.
The ____________________ system controls and coordinates bodily activities that require swift responses, especially to changes in the external environment.

Question 77

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ refers to the abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease.

Question 78

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ are the blood vessels where materials are exchanged between the blood and the interstitial fluid.

Question 79

Complete each of the following statments.
____________________ stem cells are partially differentiated, harvested from adults, and can become highly differentiated, specialized cell types.

Question 80

Use the figure above to answer the corresponding questions.
Which number identifies the system that serves as the site of nutrient and waste exchange between cells and the interstitial fluid?